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MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences...

ecterrab 14540
July 24 2015
11 2

 

Symbolic sequences enter in various formulations in mathematics. This post is about a related new subpackage, Sequences, within the MathematicalFunctions package, available for download in Maplesoft's R&D page for Mathematical Functions and Differential Equations (currently bundled with updates to the Physics package).

 

Perhaps the most typical cases of symbolic sequences are:

 

1) A sequence of numbers - say from n to m - frequently displayed as

n, `...`, m

 

2) A sequence of one object, say a, repeated say p times, frequently displayed as

 "((a,`...`,a))"

3) A more general sequence, as in 1), but of different objects and not necessarily numbers, frequently displayed as

a[n], `...`, a[m]

or likewise a sequence of functions

f(n), `...`, f(m)

In all these cases, of course, none of n, m, or p are known: they are just symbols, or algebraic expressions, representing integer values.

 

These most typical cases of symbolic sequences have been implemented in Maple since day 1 using the `$` operator. Cases 1), 2) and 3) above are respectively entered as `$`(n .. m), `$`(a, p), and `$`(a[i], i = n .. m) or "`$`(f(i), i = n .. m)." To have computer algebra representations for all these symbolic sequences is something wonderful, I would say unique in Maple.

Until recently, however, the typesetting of these symbolic sequences was frankly poor, input like `$`(a[i], i = n .. m) or ``$\``(a, p) just being echoed in the display. More relevant: too little could be done with these objects; the rest of Maple didn't know how to add, multiply, differentiate or map an operation over the elements of the sequence, nor for instance count the sequence's number of elements.

 

All this has now been implemented.  What follows is a brief illustration.

> 

restart

First of all, now these three types of sequences have textbook-like typesetting:

> 

`$`(n .. m)

`$`(n .. m)

 (1)
> 

`$`(a, p)

`$`(a, p)

 (2)

For the above, a$p works the same way

> 

`$`(a[i], i = n .. m)

`$`(a[i], i = n .. m)

 (3)

Moreover, this now permits textbook display of mathematical functions that depend on sequences of paramateters, for example:

> 

hypergeom([`$`(a[i], i = 1 .. p)], [`$`(b[i], i = 1 .. q)], z)

hypergeom([`$`(a[i], i = 1 .. p)], [`$`(b[i], i = 1 .. q)], z)

 (4)
> 

IncompleteBellB(n, k, `$`(factorial(j), j = 1 .. n-k+1))

IncompleteBellB(n, k, `$`(factorial(j), j = 1 .. n-k+1))

 (5)

More interestingly, these new developments now permit differentiating these functions even when their arguments are symbolic sequences, and displaying the result as in textbooks, with copy and paste working properly, for instance

> 

(%diff = diff)(hypergeom([`$`(a[i], i = 1 .. p)], [`$`(b[i], i = 1 .. q)], z), z)

%diff(hypergeom([`$`(a[i], i = 1 .. p)], [`$`(b[i], i = 1 .. q)], z), z) = (product(a[i], i = 1 .. p))*hypergeom([`$`(a[i]+1, i = 1 .. p)], [`$`(b[i]+1, i = 1 .. q)], z)/(product(b[i], i = 1 .. q))

 (6)

It is very interesting how much this enhances the representation capabilities; to mention but one, this makes 100% possible the implementation of the Faa-di-Bruno  formula for the nth symbolic derivative of composite functions (more on this in a post to follow this one).

But the bread-and-butter first: the new package for handling sequences is

> 

with(MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences)

[Add, Differentiate, Map, Multiply, Nops]

 (7)

The five commands that got loaded do what their name tells. Consider for instance the first kind of sequences mentione above, i.e

> 

`$`(n .. m)

`$`(n .. m)

 (8)

Check what is behind this nice typesetting

> 

lprint(`$`(n .. m))

`$`(n .. m)

  

All OK. How many operands (an abstract version of Maple's nops  command):

> 

Nops(`$`(n .. m))

m-n+1

 (9)

That was easy, ok. Add the sequence

> 

Add(`$`(n .. m))

(1/2)*(m-n+1)*(n+m)

 (10)

Multiply the sequence

> 

Multiply(`$`(n .. m))

factorial(m)/factorial(n-1)

 (11)

Map an operation over the elements of the sequence

> 

Map(f, `$`(n .. m))

`$`(f(j), j = n .. m)

 (12)
> 

lprint(`$`(f(j), j = n .. m))

`$`(f(j), j = n .. m)

  

Map works as map, i.e. you can map extra arguments as well

> 

MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences:-Map(Int, `$`(n .. m), x)

`$`(Int(j, x), j = n .. m)

 (13)

All this works the same way with symbolic sequences of forms "((a,`...`,a))" , and a[n], `...`, a[m]. For example:

> 

`$`(a, p)

`$`(a, p)

 (14)
> 

lprint(`$`(a, p))

`$`(a, p)

  
> 

MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences:-Nops(`$`(a, p))

p

 (15)
> 

Add(`$`(a, p))

a*p

 (16)
> 

Multiply(`$`(a, p))

a^p

 (17)

Differentation also works

> 

Differentiate(`$`(a, p), a)

`$`(1, p)

 (18)
> 

MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences:-Map(f, `$`(a, p))

`$`(f(a), p)

 (19)
> 

MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences:-Differentiate(`$`(f(a), p), a)

`$`(diff(f(a), a), p)

 (20)

For a symbolic sequence of type 3)

> 

`$`(a[i], i = n .. m)

`$`(a[i], i = n .. m)

 (21)
> 

MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences:-Nops(`$`(a[i], i = n .. m))

m-n+1

 (22)
> 

Add(`$`(a[i], i = n .. m))

sum(a[i], i = n .. m)

 (23)
> 

Multiply(`$`(a[i], i = n .. m))

product(a[i], i = n .. m)

 (24)

The following is nontrivial: differentiating the sequence a[n], `...`, a[m], with respect to a[k] should return 1 when n = k (i.e the running index has the value k), and 0 otherwise, and the same regarding m and k. That is how it works now:

> 

Differentiate(`$`(a[i], i = n .. m), a[k])

`$`(piecewise(k = i, 1, 0), i = n .. m)

 (25)
> 

lprint(`$`(piecewise(k = i, 1, 0), i = n .. m))

`$`(piecewise(k = i, 1, 0), i = n .. m)

  
> 

MathematicalFunctions:-Sequences:-Map(f, `$`(a[i], i = n .. m))

`$`(f(a[i]), i = n .. m)

 (26)
> 

Differentiate(`$`(f(a[i]), i = n .. m), a[k])

`$`((diff(f(a[i]), a[i]))*piecewise(k = i, 1, 0), i = n .. m)

 (27)
> 

lprint(`$`((diff(f(a[i]), a[i]))*piecewise(k = i, 1, 0), i = n .. m))

`$`((diff(f(a[i]), a[i]))*piecewise(k = i, 1, 0), i = n .. m)

  

 

And that is it. Summarizing: in addition to the former implementation of symbolic sequences, we now have textbook-like typesetting for them, and more important: Add, Multiply, Differentiate, Map and Nops. :)

 

The first large application we have been working on taking advantage of this is symbolic differentiation, with very nice results; I will see to summarize them in a post to follow in a couple of days.

 

Download MathematicalFunctionsSequences.mw

Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

Physics: one year of developments...

ecterrab 14540
physics
February 11 2015
7 6

 

This post aims at summarizing the developments of the last 12 months of the Physics package, which were focused on: Vector Analysis, symbolic Tensor manipulations, Quantum Mechanics, and General Relativity including a new Tetrads subpackage. Besides that, there is a new command, Assume with valuable new features, and a new computing modality: automaticsimplification, as well as an enlargement of the database of solutions to Einstein's equations with more than 100 new metrics. As is always the case, there is still a lot more to do, of course. But It has been an year of tremendous developments, worth recapping.

I would also like to acknowledge and specially thank Pascal Szriftgiser, Directeur de recherche CNRS from the "Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules" (Lille, France), and Denitsa Staicova from the Bulgarian Academy of Science, "Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy", for their constant, constructive and valuable feedback along the year, respectively in the areas of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. Thanks also to all of you who reported bugs and emailed suggestions as physics@maplesoft.com; this kind of feedback is a pillar of the development of this Physics project.

As usual, the latest version of the package including the developments mentioned below can be downloaded from the Maple Physics: Research and Development web site. Some examples illustrating the use of the new capabilities in the context of more general problems are found in the 2014 MaplePrimes post Computer Algebra for Theoretical Physics. (At the end of this post there are two links: a pdf file with all the sections open, and this worksheet itself for whoever wants to play around).

Simplification
 

Simplification is perhaps the most common operation performed in a computer algebra system. In Physics, this typically entails simplifying tensorial expressions, or expressions involving noncommutative operators that satisfy certain commutator/anticommutator rules, or sums and integrals involving quantum operators and Dirac delta functions in the summands and integrands. Relevant enhancements were introduced for all these cases, including enhancements in the simplification of:

• 

Products of LeviCivita  tensors in curved spacetimes when LeviCivita represents the Galilean pseudo-tensor (related to Setup(levicivita = Galilean) ), instead of its generalization to curved spaces (related to Setup(levicivita = nongalilean) ).
• 

Tensorial expressions in general that have spacetime, space, and/or tetrad contracted indices, possibly at the same time.
• 

New option tryhard, that resolves zero recognition in an important number of nontrivial situations.
• 

Expressions involving the Dirac function.
• 

Vectorial expressions involving cylindrical or spherical coordinates and related unit vectors.
• 

Expressions simplified with respect to side relations (equations) in the presence of quantum vectorial equations.
• 

Expressions involving products of quantum operators entering parameterized algebra rules.
• 

Expressions involving vectorial quantum operators simplified with respect to other vectorial equations.
• 

Add support for the simplification and integration of spherical harmonics ( SphericalY ) relevant in quantum mechanics.

Examples
   

 

Tensors
 

A number of relevant changes happened in the tensor routines of the Physics package, towards making the routines pack more functionality, the simplification more powerful, and the handling of symmetries, substitutions, and other operations more flexible and natural.

• 

Physics now works with four kinds of Minkowski spaces (different signatures) to accommodate the typical situations seen in textbooks; to these, correspond the signatures +---, ---+, -+++ and +++-.

• 

Allow setting the metric by specifying the signature directly, as in g_[`-`] or g_[`+---`], or Setup(metric = `---+`) or Setup(g[mu, nu] = `---+`).
• 

The signature keyword of the Physics Setup  is now in use, to set the metric and to indicate the form of the orthonormal tetrad, in turn used to derive the form of a null tetrad.
• 

Automatic detection of the position of t as the time variable when you set the coordinates automatically sets the signature of the default Minkowski spacetime metric accordingly to ---+ or +---.
• 

New keywords with special meaning when indexing the Physics (also the user defined) tensors:
· `~`; for example g_[`~`] returns the all-contravariant matrix form of the metric.
· definition; for example Ricci[definition] returns the definition of the Ricci tensor; works also with user-defined tensors.
· scalars; for example Weyl[scalars] and Ricci[scalars] return the five Weyl and seven Ricci scalars used to perform a Petrof classification and in the Newman-Penrose formalism.
· scalarsdefinition, and invariantsdefinition; for example Weyl[scalarsdefinition] or Riemann[invariantsdefinition] return the corresponding definitions for the scalars and invariants.
· nullvectors; for example, when the new Tetrads  subpackage is loaded, e_[nullvectors] returns a sequence of null vectors with their products normalized according to the Newman-Penrose formalism.
· matrix; this keyword was introduced in previous releases, and now it can appear after a space index (not spacetime), in which case a matrix with only the space components is returned.
• 

Tensorial expressions can now have spacetime indices (related to a global system of references) and tetrad indices (related to a local system of references) at the same time, or they be rewritten in one (spacetime) or the other (tetrad) frames.
• 

The matrix keyword can be used with spacetime, space, or tetrad indices, resulting in the corresponding matrix
• 

Implement automatic determination of symmetry under permutation of tensor indices when the tensor is defined as a matrix.
• 

New conversions from the Weyl to the Ricci tensors, and from Weyl to the Christoffel symbols.
• 

New option evaluatetrace = true or false within convert/Ricci, to avoid automatically evaluating the Ricci trace when performing conversions that involve this trace.
• 

New option 'evaluate' to convert/g_, convert/Christoffel and convert/Ricci. With this option set to false, it is possible to see the algebraic form of the result (that is, of the tensors involved) before evaluating it.
• 

The Maple 18 Library:-SubstituteTensor  command, got enhanced and transformed into one of the main Physics commands, that substitutes tensorial equation(s) Eqs into an expression, taking care of the free and repeated indices, such that: 1) equations in Eqs are interpreted as mappings having the free indices as parameters, 2) repeated indices in Eqs do not clash with repeated indices in the expression and 3) spacetime, space, and tetrad indices are handled independently, so they can all be present in Eqs and in the expression at the same time. This new command can also substitute algebraic sub-expressions of type product or sum within the expression, generalizing and unifying the functionality of the subs and algsubs  commands for algebraic tensor expressions.

Examples
   

 

Tetrads in General Relativity
 

The formalism of tetrads in general relativity got implemented within Physics  as a new package, Physics:-Tetrads , with 13 commands, mainly the null vectors of the Newman-Penrose formalism, the tetrad tensors `𝔢`[a, mu], eta[a, b], gamma[a, b, c], lambda[a, b, c], respectively: the tetrad, the tetrad metric, the Ricci rotation coefficients, and the lambda tensor, plus five algebraic manipulation commands: IsTetrad , NullTetrad , OrthonormalTetrad , SimplifyTetrad , and TransformTetrad  to construct orthonormal and null tetrads of different forms and using different methods.

Examples
   

 

More Metrics in the Database of Solutions to Einstein's Equations
 

A database of solutions to Einstein's equations  was added to the Maple library in Maple 15 with a selection of metrics from "Stephani, H.; Kramer, D.; MacCallum, M.; Hoenselaers, C.; and Herlt, E.,  Exact Solutions to Einstein's Field Equations" and "Hawking, Stephen; and Ellis, G. F. R., The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time". More metrics from these two books were added for Maple 16, Maple 17, and Maple 18. These metrics can be searched using g_  (the Physics command representing the spacetime metric that also sets the metric to your choice in one go) or using the command DifferentialGeometry:-Library:-MetricSearch .

• 

New, one hundred and four more metrics were added to the database from various Chapters of the aforementioned book entitled "Exact Solutions to Einstein's Field Equations". Among new metrics for other chapters, with this addition, the solutions found in the literature and collected in Chapters 13 and 14 of this book are all present as well in database of solutions to Einstein's equations.
• 

It is now possible to manipulate algebraically the properties of these metrics, for example, computing tetrads and null vectors for them - using the 13 commands of new Physics:-Tetrads package.

Examples
   

 

Commutators, AntiCommutators, and Dirac notation in quantum mechanics
 

When computing with products of noncommutative operators, the results depend on the algebra of commutators and anticommutators that you previously set. Besides that, in Physics, various mathematical objects themselves satisfy specific commutation rules. You can query about these rules using the Library  commands Commute  and AntiCommute . Previously existing functionality and enhancements in this area were refined. These include:

• 

Computing Commutators and Anticommutators between equations, or of an expression with an equation.
• 

Library:-Commute(A, F(A)) = true whenever A is a quantum operator and F is a commutative mapping (see Cohen-Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics, page 171).
• 

Differentiating with respect to a noncommutative variable whenever all the variables present in the derivand commute with the differentiation variable.
• 

Automatic computation of F(X).Ket(X, x) = F(x)*Ket(X, x), that is the automatic computation of a function of an operator applied to its eigenkets (see Cohen-Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics, page 171).
• 

Parameterized commutators; for example: when setting the rule Commutator(A, exp(lambda*B)) = lambda*C, take lambda as a parameter, so Commutator(A, exp(alpha*B)) now returns alpha*C, not "lambda C."
• 

Automatic derivation of a commutator rule: Commutator(A, F(B)) = F '(B) when Commutator(A, C) = Commutator(B, C) = 0 and C = Commutator(A, B), as shown in (see Cohen-Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics, page 171).
• 

 "f(A) | A[a] >=f(a) | A[a] >", including cases like for instance "f(alpha A) | A[a] >=f(alpha a) | A[a] >", or "(e)^((ⅈ f(t) A)/`ℏ`) | A[a] >=(e)^((ⅈ f(t) a)/`ℏ`) | A[a] >".
• 

New mechanism to have more than one algebra rule related to the same function (for example, a function of two arguments that come in different order).
• 

The dot product of the inverse of an operator, Inverse(A) · Ket, now returns the same as 1/A · Ket.
• 

F(H) is Hermitian if H is Hermitian and F is assumed to be real, via Assume, assuming, or Setup(realobjects = F).
• 

Implement that F(H) is Hermitian if H is Hermitian and F is a mathematical real function, that is, one that maps real objects into real objects; in this change only exp, the trigonometric functions and their inert forms are included.
• 

Add a few previously missing Unitary and Hermitian operator cases:
  

a) if \035U and V are unitary, the U V is also unitary.
  

b) if A is Hermitian then exp(i*A) is unitary.
  

c) if U is unitary and A is Hermitian, then U*A*`#msup(mi("U"),mo("†"))` is also Hermitian.
• 

Make the type definition for ExtendedQuantumOperator more precise to include as such any arbitrary function of an ExtendedQuantumOperator.

Examples
   

 

New Assume command and new enhanced Mode: automaticsimplification
 

One new enhanced mode was added to the Physics setup, automaticsimplification, and a new Physics:-Assume  command make expressions be automatically expressed in simpler forms and allow for very flexible ways of implementing assumptions, making the Physics environment concretely more expressive.

Assume
 

In almost any mathematical formulation in Physics, there are objects that are real, positive, or just angles that have a restricted range; for example: Planck's constant, time, the mass and position of particles, and so on. When placing assumptions using the assume  command, however, expressions entered before placing the assumptions and those entered with the assumptions cannot be reused in case the the assumptions are removed. Also, when using assume variables get redefined so that geometrical coordinates (spacetime, Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical) loss their identity. These issues got addressed with a new Assume  command, that does not redefine the variables, implementing the concept of an "extended  assuming ", allowing for reusing expressions entered before placing assumptions and also after removing them. Assume also includes the functionality of the additionally  command.

Examples
   

Automatic simplification
 

This new Physics mode of computation means that, after you enter Setup(automaticsimplification = true), the output corresponding to every single input (not just related to Physics) gets automatically simplified in size before being returned to the screen. This is fantastically convenient for interactive work in most situations.

Examples
   

 

Vectors Package
 

A number of changes were performed in the Vectors  subpackage to make the computations more natural and versatile:

• 

Enhancement in the algebraic manipulations of inert vectorial differential operators.
• 

Improvements in the manipulation of of scalar products of vector or scalar functions (to the left) with vectorial differential operators (to the right), that result in vectorial or scalar differential operators.
• 

Several improvements in the use of trigonometric simplifications when changing the basis or the coordinates in vectorial expressions.
• 

Add new functionality mapping Vectors:-Component over equations, automatically changing basis if the two sides are not projected over the same base.

• 

Implement the expansion of the square of a vectorial expression as the scalar (dot) product of the expression with itself, including the case of a vectorial quantum operator expression.
• 

Allow multiplying equations also when the product operator is in scalar and vector products (Vectors:-`.` and Vectors:-`&x`).
• 

ChangeBasis : allow changing coordinates between sets of orthogonal coordinates also when the expression is not vectorial.
• 

New command: ChangeCoordinates , to rewrite an algebraic expression, using Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates, an expression that involves these coordinates, either a scalar expression, or vectorial one but then not changing the orthonormal basis.

Examples
   

 

The Physics Library
 

Twenty-six new commands, useful for programming and interactive computation, have been added to the Physics:-Library  package. These are:

• 

ClearCaches
• 

ExpandProductsInExpression
• 

FlipCharacterOfFreeIndices
• 

FromMinkowskiKindToSignature
• 

FromSignatureToMinkowskiKind
• 

FromTetradToTetradMetric
• 

GetByMatchingPattern
• 

GetTypeOfTensorIndices
• 

GetVectorRootName
• 

HasOriginalTypeOfIndices
• 

IsEuclideanSignature
• 

IsGalileanSignature
• 

IsMinkowskiSignature
• 

IsValidSignature
• 

IsEuclideanMetric
• 

IsGalileanMetric
• 

IsMinkowskiMetric
• 

IsOrthonormalTetradMetric
• 

IsNullTetradMetric 
• 

IsNullTetrad
• 

IsOrthonormalTetrad
• 

IsTensorFunctionalForm
• 

RepositionRepeatedIndicesAsIn

• 

RestoreRepeatedIndices

• 

RewriteTypeOfIndices
• 

SplitIndicesByType

 

Additionally, several improvements in the previously existing Physics:-Library  commands have been implemented:

• 

Add the types spacetimeindex, spaceindex, spinorindex, gaugeindex, and tetradindex to the exports of the Library:-PhysicsType  package.
• 

Library:-ToCovariant  and Library:-ToContravariant  when the spacetime is curved and some 'tensors' involved are not actually a tensor in a curved space.
• 

Add new options changefreeindices and flipcharacterofindices to the Library:-ToCovariant  and Library:-ToContravariant  commands, to actually lower and raise the free indices as necessary, instead of the default behavior of returning an expression that is mathematically equivalent to the given one.
• 

Extend the Library commands GetCommutativeSymbol , GetAntiCommutativeSymbol , and GetNonCommutativeSymbol  to return vectorial symbols when Vectors  is loaded and a vectorial symbol is requested.
• 

Add functionality to the Library command GetSymbolsWithSameType  so that when the input is a list of objects, it returns a list with new symbols of the corresponding types, automatically taking into account the vectorial (Y/N) kind of the symbols.

Examples
   

 

Miscellaneous
 
• 

Add several fields to the Physics:-Setup() applet in order to allow for manipulating all the Physics settings from within the applet.
• 

New Physics:-Setup  options: automaticsimplification and normusesconjugate.
• 

When any of Physics  or Physics:-Vectors  are loaded, dtheta, dphi, etc. are now displayed as `dθ`, `dφ`, etc. 
• 

Implement, within the `*` operator, both the global  and the Physics one , the product of equations as the product of left-hand sides equal the product of right-hand sides, eliminating the frequently tedious typing "lhs(eq[1])*lhs(eq[2]) = rhs(eq[1])*rhs(eq[2])". You can now just enter "eq[1]*eq[2]".
• 

Automatically distribute dot products over lists, as in A.[a, b, c] = [A.a, A.b, A.c].
• 

Allow (A = B) - C also when A, B, and C are Matrices.
• 

Add convert(`...`, setofequations) and convert(`...`, listofequations) to convert Physics:-Vectors, Matrices of equations, etc. into sets or lists of equations.
• 

Annihilation  and Creation  operators are now displayed as in textbooks using `#msup(mi("a"),mo("&uminus0;"))` and `#msup(mi("a"),mo("+"))`.
• 

It is now possible to use equation labels to copy and paste expressions involving Annihilation and Creation operators.
• 

Implement the ability in Fundiff  to compute functional derivatives by passing only a function name as second argument. This works okay when the derivand contains this function with only one dependency (perhaps with many variables), say X, permitting varying a function quite like that done using paper and pencil.
• 

The determination of symmetries and antisymmetries of tensorial expressions got enhanced.
• 

The metric g[mu, nu] as well as the tetrad `𝔢`[a, mu] and tetrad metric eta[mu, nu] can now be (re)defined using the standard Physics:-Define  command for defining tensors. Also, the definition can now be given directly in terms of a tensorial expression.
• 

Add keyword option attemptzerorecognition in TensorArray , so that each component of the array is tested for 0.
• 

Allow to sum over a list of objects, or over `in` structures like '`in`(j, [a, b, c])' when redefining sum, and also in Physics:-Library:-Add .
• 

Harmonize the use of simplify/siderels  with Physics, so that anticommutative and noncommutative objects, whether they are vectorial or not, are respected as such and not transformed into commutative objects when the simplification is performed.
• 

Changes in design:

a. 

The output of KillingVectors  has now the format of a vector solution by default, that is, a 4-D vector on the left-hand side and a list with its components on the right-hand side and as such can be repassed to the Define  command for posterior use as a tensor. To recover the old format of a set of equation solutions for each vector component, a new optional argument, output = componentsolutions, got implemented.
b. 

Vectors:-Norm  now returns the Euclidean real norm by default, that is: Norm(`#mover(mi("v"),mo("→"))`) = `#mover(mi("v"),mo("→"))`.`#mover(mi("v"),mo("→"))`, and only return using conjugate, as in Norm(`#mover(mi("v"),mo("→"))`) = `#mover(mi("v"),mo("→"))`.conjugate(`#mover(mi("v"),mo("→"))`), when the option conjugate is passed, or the setting normusesconjugate is set using Physics:-Setup .
c. 

The output of FeynmanDiagrams  now discards, by default, all terms that include tadpoles. Also, an option, includetadpoles, to have these terms included as in previous releases, got implemented.
d. 

When Physics is loaded, 0^m does not return 0, in view that, in Maple, 0^0 returns 1.
e. 

The dot product A.B of quantum operators A and B now returns as a (noncommutative) product A B when neither A nor B involve Bras  or Kets .
f. 

If A is a quantum operator and Vectors  is loaded, then `#mover(mi("A",mathcolor = "olive"),mo("→"))` is also a quantum operator; likewise, if Z is a noncommutative prefix and Vectors is loaded then `#mover(mi("Z",mathcolor = "olive"),mo("→"))`is also a noncommutative object.
g. 

When Vectors  is loaded, the Hermitian and Unitary properties of operators set using the Setup  command are now propagated to "the name under the arrow" and vice versa, so that if A is a Hermitian Operator, or Unitary, then `#mover(mi("A",mathcolor = "olive"),mo("→"))` is too.
h. 

The SpaceTimeVector  can now have dependency other than a coordinate system.
i. 

It is now possible to enter `∂`[mu](A[mu]*B[mu])even when the index is repeated twice, considering that mu in A[mu]*B[mu] = A.B is actually a dummy, so that a collision with mu in `∂`[mu] can be programmatically avoided.
j. 

Diminish the use of KroneckerDelta  as a tensor, using the metric g_ instead in the output of Physics commands, reserving KroneckerDelta to be used as the standard corresponding symbol in quantum mechanics, so not as a tensor.

Examples
   

 

See Also
 

Physics , Computer Algebra for Theoretical Physics, The Physics project


OneYearOfPhysics.mw

OneYearOfPhysics.pdf

Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

Automatic simplification and a new Assum...

ecterrab 14540
assuming simplification assume
December 09 2014
10 6

Hi
Two new things recently added to the latest version of Physics available on Maplesoft's R&D Physics webpage are worth mentioning outside the framework of Physics.

  • automaticsimplification. This means that after "Physics:-Setup(automaticsimplification=true)", the output corresponding to every single input (literally) gets automatically simplified in size before being returned to the screen. This is fantastically convenient for interactive work in most situations.

  • Add Physics:-Library:-Assume, to perform the same operations one typically performs with the  assume command, but without the side effect that the variables get redefined. So the variables do not get redefined, they only receive assumptions.

This new Assume implements the concept of an "extended assuming". It permits re-using expressions involving the variables being assumed, expressions that were entered before the assumptions were placed, as well as reusing all the expressions computed while the variables had assumptions, even after removing the variable's assumptions. None of this is possible when placing assumptions using the standard assume. The new routine also permits placing assumptions on global variables that have special meaning, that cannot be redefined, e.g. the cartesian, cylindrical or spherical coordinates sets, or the coordinates of a coordinate spacetime system within the Physics package, etc.

Examples:

 
> 

with(Physics):

This is Physics from today:

> 

Physics:-Version()[2]

`2014, December 9, 16:51 hours`

 (1.1)
• 

Automatic simplification is here. At this point automaticsimplification is OFF by default.
> 

Setup(automaticsimplification)

[automaticsimplification = false]

 (1.2)

Hence, for instance, if you input the following expression, the computer just echoes your input:

> 

Physics:-`*`(a, c)+Physics:-`*`(a, d)+Physics:-`*`(b, c)+Physics:-`*`(b, d)

a*c+a*d+b*c+b*d

 (1.3)

There is however some structure behind (1.3) and, in most situations, it is convenient to have these structures
apparent, in part because they frequently provide hints on how to proceed ahead, but also because a more
compact expression is, roughly speaking, simpler to understand. To see this automaticsimplification in action,
turn it ON:

> 

Setup(automaticsimplification = true)

[automaticsimplification = true]

 (1.4)

Recall this same expression (you could input it with the equation label (1.3) as well) 

> 

Physics:-`*`(a, c)+Physics:-`*`(a, d)+Physics:-`*`(b, c)+Physics:-`*`(b, d)

(c+d)*(a+b)

 (1.5)

What happened: this output, as everything else after you set automaticsimplification = true and with no
exceptions, is now further processed with simplify/size before being returned. And enjoy computing with frankly
shorter expressions all around! And no need anymore for "simplify(%, size)" every three or four input lines.

Another  example, typical in computer algebra where expressions become uncomfortably large and difficult to
read: convert the following input to 2D math input mode first, in order to compare what is being entered with the
automatically simplified output on the screen

> 

-Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(3, sin(x)^(1/2)), cos(x)^2), sin(x)^m)+Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(3, sin(x)^(1/2)), cos(x)^2), cos(x)^n)+Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(4, sin(x)^(1/2)), cos(x)^4), sin(x)^m)-Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(Physics:-`*`(4, sin(x)^(1/2)), cos(x)^4), cos(x)^n)

-4*(cos(x)^n-sin(x)^m)*sin(x)^(1/2)*cos(x)^2*(cos(x)^2-3/4)

 (1.6)

You can turn automaticsimplification OFF the same way

> 

Setup(automaticsimplification = false)

[automaticsimplification = false]

 (1.7)
• 

New Library:-Assume facility; welcome to the world of "extended assuming" :)

 

Consider a generic variable, x. Nothing is known about it

> 

about(x)

x:

  nothing known about this object

  

Each variable has associated a number that depends on the session, and the computer (internally) uses this
number to refer to the variable.

> 

addressof(x)

18446744078082181054

 (1.8)

When using the assume  command to place assumptions on a variable, this number, associated to it, changes,
for example:

> 

assume(0 < x and x < Physics:-`*`(Pi, 1/2))
> 

addressof(x)

18446744078179060574

 (1.9)

Indeed, the variable x got redefined and renamed, it is not anymore the variable x referenced in (1.8).

> 

about(x)

Originally x, renamed x~:

  is assumed to be: RealRange(Open(0),Open(1/2*Pi))

  


The semantics may seem confusing but that is what happened, you enter x and the computer thinks x~, not x 
anymore.This means two things:

1) all the equations/expressions, entered before placing the assumptions on x using assume, involve a variable x 
that is different than the one that exists after placing the assumptions, and so these previous expressions cannot
be reused. They involve a different variable.

2) Also, because, after placing the assumptions using assume, x refers to a different object, programs that depend
on the x that existed before placing the assumptions will not recognize the new x redefined by assume .

 

For example, if x was part of a coordinate system and the spacetime metric g[mu, nu]depends on it, the new variable x
redefined within assume, being a different symbol, will not be recognized as part of the dependency of "g[mu,nu]." This
posed constant obstacles to working with curved spacetimes that depend on parameters or on coordinates that
have a restricted range. These problems are resolved entirely with this new Library:-Assume, because it does not
redefine the variables. It only places assumptions on them, and in this sense it works like assuming , not assume .
As another example, all the Physics:-Vectors commands look for the cartesian, cylindrical or spherical coordinates
sets [x, y, z], [rho, phi, z], [r, theta, phi] in order to determine how to proceed, but these variables disappear if you use
assume to place assumptions on them. For that reason, only assuming  was fully compatible with Physics, not assume.

 

To undo assumptions placed using the assume command one reassigns the variable x to itself:

> 

x := 'x'

x

 (1.10)

Check the numerical address: it is again equal to (1.8) 

> 

addressof(x)

18446744078082181054

 (1.11)

·All these issues get resolved with the new Library:-Assume, that uses all the implementation of the existing 
assume command but with a different approach: the variables being assumed do not get redefined, and hence:
a) you can reuse expressions/equations entered before placing the assumptions, you can also undo the
assumptions and reuse results obtained with assumptions. This is the concept of an extended assuming. Also,
commands that depend on these assumed variables will all continue to work normally, before, during or after
placing the assumption, because the variables do not get redefined.

Example:

> 

about(x)

x:

  nothing known about this object

  

So this simplification attempt accomplishes nothing

> 

simplify(arccos(cos(x)))

arccos(cos(x))

 (1.12)

Let's assume now that 0 < x and x < (1/2)*Pi

> 

Library:-Assume(0 < x and x < Physics:-`*`(Pi, 1/2))

{x::(RealRange(Open(0), Open((1/2)*Pi)))}

 (1.13)

The new command echoes the internal format representing the assumption placed.

a) The address is still the same as (1.8)

> 

addressof(x)

18446744078082181054

 (1.14)

So the variable did not get redefined. The system however knows about the assumption - all the machinery of the
assume command is being used

> 

about(x)

Originally x, renamed x:

  is assumed to be: RealRange(Open(0),Open(1/2*Pi))

  


Note that the renaming is to the variable itself - i.e. no renaming.

Hence, expressions entered before placing assumptions can be reused. For example, for (1.12), we now have

> 

simplify(arccos(cos(x)))

x

 (1.15)

To clear the assumptions on x, you can use either of Library:-Assume(x=x) or Library:-Assume(clear = {x, ...}) in
the case of many variables being cleared in one go, or in the case of a single variable being cleared:

> 

Library:-Assume(clear = x)
> 

about(x)

x:

  nothing known about this object

  


The implementation includes the additionally functionality, for that purpose add the keyword additionally 
anywhere in the calling sequence. For example:

> 

Library:-Assume(x::positive)

{x::(RealRange(Open(0), infinity))}

 (1.16)
> 

about(x)

Originally x, renamed x:

  is assumed to be: RealRange(Open(0),infinity)

  
> 

Library:-Assume(additionally, x < 1)

{x::(RealRange(Open(0), Open(1)))}

 (1.17)
> 

Library:-Assume(x = x)

In summary, the new Library:-Assume command implements the concept of an extended assuming, that can be
turned ON and OFF at will at any moment without changing the variables involved.


Download AutomaticSimplificationAndAssume.mw

 

Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

Computer Algebra for Theoretical Physics...

ecterrab 14540
physics
October 15 2014
12 4

Last week the Physics package was presented in a talk at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and in a combined Applied Mathematics and Physics Seminar at the University of Waterloo. The presentation at the Perimeter Institute got recorded. It was a nice opportunity to surprise people with the recent advances in the package. It follows the presentation with sections closed, and at the end there is a link to a pdf with the sections open and to the related worksheet, used to run the computations in real time during the presentation.

COMPUTER ALGEBRA FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS

 

  

Generally speaking, physicists still experience that computing with paper and pencil is in most cases simpler than computing on a Computer Algebra worksheet. On the other hand, recent developments in the Maple system implemented most of the mathematical objects and mathematics used in theoretical physics computations, and dramatically approximated the notation used in the computer to the one used in paper and pencil, diminishing the learning gap and computer-syntax distraction to a strict minimum. In connection, in this talk the Physics project at Maplesoft is presented and the resulting Physics package illustrated tackling problems in classical and quantum mechanics, general relativity and field theory. In addition to the 10 a.m lecture, there will be a hands-on workshop at 1pm in the Alice Room.

 

... Why computers?
 

 

We can concentrate more on the ideas instead of on the algebraic manipulations

 

We can extend results with ease

 

We can explore the mathematics surrounding a problem

 

We can share results in a reproducible way

 

Representation issues that were preventing the use of computer algebra in Physics
 

 

Notation and related mathematical methods that were missing:


coordinate free representations for vectors and vectorial differential operators,

covariant tensors distinguished from contravariant tensors,

functional differentiation, relativity differential operators and sum rule for tensor contracted (repeated) indices

Bras, Kets, projectors and all related to Dirac's notation in Quantum Mechanics

 

Inert representations of operations, mathematical functions, and related typesetting were missing:

 

inert versus active representations for mathematical operations

ability to move from inert to active representations of computations and viceversa as necessary

hand-like style for entering computations and texbook-like notation for displaying results

 

Key elements of the computational domain of theoretical physics were missing:

 

ability to handle products and derivatives involving commutative, anticommutative and noncommutative variables and functions

ability to perform computations taking into account custom-defined algebra rules of different kinds

(problem related commutator, anticommutator, bracket, etc. rules)

Vector and tensor notation in mechanics, electrodynamics and relativity
   

Dirac's notation in quantum mechanics
   

 

• 

Computer algebra systems were not originally designed to work with this compact notation, having attached so dense mathematical contents, active and inert representations of operations, not commutative and customizable algebraic computational domain, and the related mathematical methods, all this typically present in computations in theoretical physics.

• 

This situation has changed. The notation and related mathematical methods are now implemented.

 

Tackling examples with the Physics package
 

Classical Mechanics
 

Inertia tensor for a triatomic molecule
 

 

Problem: Determine the Inertia tensor of a triatomic molecule that has the form of an isosceles triangle with two masses m[1] in the extremes of the base and mass m[2] in the third vertex. The distance between the two masses m[1] is equal to a, and the height of the triangle is equal to h.

Solution
   

Quantum mechanics
 

Quantization of the energy of a particle in a magnetic field
 


Show that the energy of a particle in a constant magnetic field oriented along the z axis can be written as

H = `&hbar;`*`&omega;__c`*(`#msup(mi("a",mathcolor = "olive"),mo("&dagger;"))`*a+1/2)

where `#msup(mi("a",mathcolor = "olive"),mo("&dagger;"))`and a are creation and anihilation operators.

Solution
   

The quantum operator components of `#mover(mi("L",mathcolor = "olive"),mo("&rarr;",fontstyle = "italic"))` satisfy "[L[j],L[k]][-]=i `&epsilon;`[j,k,m] L[m]"
   

Unitary Operators in Quantum Mechanics
 

(with Pascal Szriftgiser, from Laboratoire PhLAM, Université Lille 1, France)

A linear operator U is unitary if 1/U = `#msup(mi("U"),mo("&dagger;"))`, in which case, U*`#msup(mi("U"),mo("&dagger;"))` = U*`#msup(mi("U"),mo("&dagger;"))` and U*`#msup(mi("U"),mo("&dagger;"))` = 1.Unitary operators are used to change the basis inside an Hilbert space, which physically means changing the point of view of the considered problem, but not the underlying physics. Examples: translations, rotations and the parity operator.

1) Eigenvalues of an unitary operator and exponential of Hermitian operators
   

2) Properties of unitary operators
   

3) Schrödinger equation and unitary transform
   

4) Translation operators
   

Classical Field Theory
 

The field equations for a quantum system of identical particles
 

 

Problem: derive the field equation describing the ground state of a quantum system of identical particles (bosons), that is, the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE). This equation is particularly useful to describe Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC).

Solution
   

The field equations for the lambda*Phi^4 model
   

Maxwell equations departing from the 4-dimensional Action for Electrodynamics
   

General Relativity
 

Given the spacetime metric,

g[mu, nu] = (Matrix(4, 4, {(1, 1) = -exp(lambda(r)), (1, 2) = 0, (1, 3) = 0, (1, 4) = 0, (2, 1) = 0, (2, 2) = -r^2, (2, 3) = 0, (2, 4) = 0, (3, 1) = 0, (3, 2) = 0, (3, 3) = -r^2*sin(theta)^2, (3, 4) = 0, (4, 1) = 0, (4, 2) = 0, (4, 3) = 0, (4, 4) = exp(nu(r))}))

a) Compute the trace of

"Z[alpha]^(beta)=Phi R[alpha]^(beta)+`&Dscr;`[alpha]`&Dscr;`[]^(beta) Phi+T[alpha]^(beta)"

where `&equiv;`(Phi, Phi(r)) is some function of the radial coordinate, R[alpha, `~beta`] is the Ricci tensor, `&Dscr;`[alpha] is the covariant derivative operator and T[alpha, `~beta`] is the stress-energy tensor

T[alpha, beta] = (Matrix(4, 4, {(1, 1) = 8*exp(lambda(r))*Pi, (1, 2) = 0, (1, 3) = 0, (1, 4) = 0, (2, 1) = 0, (2, 2) = 8*r^2*Pi, (2, 3) = 0, (2, 4) = 0, (3, 1) = 0, (3, 2) = 0, (3, 3) = 8*r^2*sin(theta)^2*Pi, (3, 4) = 0, (4, 1) = 0, (4, 2) = 0, (4, 3) = 0, (4, 4) = 8*exp(nu(r))*Pi*epsilon}))

b) Compute the components of "W[alpha]^(beta)"" &equiv;"the traceless part of  "Z[alpha]^(beta)" of item a)

c) Compute an exact solution to the nonlinear system of differential equations conformed by the components of  "W[alpha]^(beta)" obtained in b)

Background: paper from February/2013, "Withholding Potentials, Absence of Ghosts and Relationship between Minimal Dilatonic Gravity and f(R) Theories", by P. Fiziev.

a) The trace of " Z[alpha]^(beta)=Phi R[alpha]^(beta)+`&Dscr;`[alpha]`&Dscr;`[]^(beta) Phi+T[alpha]^(beta)"
   

b) The components of "W[alpha]^(beta)"" &equiv;"the traceless part of " Z[alpha]^(beta)"
   

c) An exact solution for the nonlinear system of differential equations conformed by the components of  "W[alpha]^(beta)"
   

The Physics Project
 

 

"Physics" is a software project at Maplesoft that started in 2006. The idea is to develop a computational symbolic/numeric environment specifically for Physics, targeting educational and research needs in equal footing, and resembling as much as possible the flexible style of computations used with paper and pencil. The main reference for the project is the Landau and Lifshitz Course of Theoretical Physics.

 

A first version of "Physics" with basic functionality appeared in 2007. Since then the package has been growing every year, including now, among other things, a searcheable database of solutions to Einstein equations and a new dedicated programming language for Physics.

 

Since August/2013, weekly updates of the Physics package are distributed on the web, including the new developments related to our plan as well as related to people's feedback.

 

 

Presentation_at_PI_and_UW.pdf     Presentation_at_PI_and_UW.mw

 

Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

DEs and Mathematical Functions Updates 2...

ecterrab 14540
physics differential-equations
June 23 2014
3 13

Hi,
The FunctionAdvisor project is currently developing at full speed. During the last two months, a significant amount of new conversion routines and mathematical information for Jacobi elliptic and Jacobi Theta functions, on identities, periodicity, transformations, etc. got added to the conversion network for mathematical functions and to the FunctionAdvisor. The previous months was the turn of the set of complex components, added to the network. Developments regarding the simplification and integration of special functions (e.g SphericalY for computing spherical harmonics or Dirac), as well as fixes to the numerical evaluation of JacobiAM, `assuming` and to differential equation subroutines are also part of the update.

These developments are available to everybody as usual in the Maplesoft R&D Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions webpage. Below there is a list of the latest developments as seen in the worksheet that comes in the zip with the DEsAndMathematicalFunctions update.

Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

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