MaplePrimes Questions

hi .please help me for solve this equations.

bbb2.mw

restart; d[11] := 1; mu[11] := 1; q[311] := 1; d[33] := 1; mu[33] := 1; a[11] := 1; e[311] := 1; a[33] := 1; A := 1; g[111111] := 1; c[1111] := 1; g[113113] := 1; f[3113] := 1; beta[11] := 1; `ΔT` := 1; II := 1; L := 1

J := d[11]*(diff(Phi(x, z), x, x))+mu[11]*(diff(psi(x, z), x, x))+q[311]*(diff(w(x), x, x))+d[33]*(diff(Phi(x, z), z, z))+mu[33]*(diff(psi(x, z), z, z));

diff(diff(Phi(x, z), x), x)+diff(diff(psi(x, z), x), x)+diff(diff(w(x), x), x)+diff(diff(Phi(x, z), z), z)+diff(diff(psi(x, z), z), z)

(1)

B := a[11]*(diff(Phi(x, z), x, x))+d[11]*(diff(psi(x, z), x, x))+e[311]*(diff(w(x), x, x))+a[33]*(diff(Phi(x, z), z, z))+d[33]*(diff(psi(x, z), z, z));

diff(diff(Phi(x, z), x), x)+diff(diff(psi(x, z), x), x)+diff(diff(w(x), x), x)+diff(diff(Phi(x, z), z), z)+diff(diff(psi(x, z), z), z)

(2)

R := A*(g[111111]*(diff(u[0](x), x, x, x, x))-c[1111]*(diff(u[0](x), x, x)+(1/2)*(diff((diff(w(x), x))^2, x)))+e[311]*(diff(diff(Phi(x, z), z), x))+q[311]*(diff(diff(psi(x, z), z), x)));

diff(diff(diff(diff(u[0](x), x), x), x), x)-(diff(diff(u[0](x), x), x))-(diff(w(x), x))*(diff(diff(w(x), x), x))+diff(diff(Phi(x, z), x), z)+diff(diff(psi(x, z), x), z)

(3)

S := -II*g[111111]*(diff(w(x), x, x, x, x, x, x))-II*c[1111]*(diff(w(x), x, x, x, x))+A*g[113113]*(diff(w(x), x, x, x, x))-A*f[3113]*(diff(diff(Phi(x, z), z), x, x))-A*(c[1111]*(diff(u[0](x), x, x)+(1/2)*(diff((diff(w(x), x))^2, x)))+e[311]*(diff(diff(Phi(x, z), z), x))+q[311]*(diff(diff(psi(x, z), z), x)))*(diff(w(x), x))-A*(diff(w(x), x, x))*(c[1111]*(diff(u[0](x), x)+(1/2)*(diff(w(x), x))^2)+e[311]*(diff(Phi(x, z), z))+q[311]*(diff(psi(x, z), z))-beta[11]*`ΔT`);

-(diff(diff(diff(diff(diff(diff(w(x), x), x), x), x), x), x))-(diff(diff(diff(Phi(x, z), x), x), z))-(diff(diff(u[0](x), x), x)+(diff(w(x), x))*(diff(diff(w(x), x), x))+diff(diff(Phi(x, z), x), z)+diff(diff(psi(x, z), x), z))*(diff(w(x), x))-(diff(diff(w(x), x), x))*(diff(u[0](x), x)+(1/2)*(diff(w(x), x))^2+diff(Phi(x, z), z)+diff(psi(x, z), z)-1)

(4)

dsys := {B, J, R, S}; BCS := {D@@2*w(0) = 0, D@@2*w(L) = 0, Phi(x = 0) = 0, Phi(x = L) = 0, Phi(z = -(1/2)*h) = 0, Phi(z = (1/2)*h) = 0, psi(x = 0) = 0, psi(x = L) = 0, psi(z = -(1/2)*h) = 0, psi(z = (1/2)*h) = 0, w(x = 0) = 0, w(x = L) = 0, u[0](x = 0) = 0, u[0](x = L) = 0, (D(w))(0) = 0, (D(w))(L) = 0, (D(u[0]))(0) = 0, (D(u[0]))(L) = 0}

{D@@2*w(0) = 0, D@@2*w(L) = 0, Phi(x = 0) = 0, Phi(x = L) = 0, Phi(z = -(1/2)*h) = 0, Phi(z = (1/2)*h) = 0, psi(x = 0) = 0, psi(x = L) = 0, psi(z = -(1/2)*h) = 0, psi(z = (1/2)*h) = 0, w(x = 0) = 0, w(x = L) = 0, u[0](x = 0) = 0, u[0](x = L) = 0, (D(w))(0) = 0, (D(w))(L) = 0, (D(u[0]))(0) = 0, (D(u[0]))(L) = 0}

(5)

dsol5 := dsolve(dsys, numeric)

Error, (in dsolve/numeric/process_input) missing differential equations and initial or boundary conditions in the first argument: dsys

 

NULL

NULL

NULL

if former equations are not solvable , please help me for another way, in which at first two equation solve..in this way in equation [J and B] assume that q[311]=e[311]=0 and dsolve perform to find Φ and  ψ

after by finding Φ and  ψ is use for detemine w and u0

please see attached file below[bbb2_2.mw]

bbb2_2.mw

Download bbb2.mw

I have the following PDE system steaming from Flash Photolysis:

pdesys := [diff(J(x, t), x) = varepsilon*J(x, t)*C(x, t), diff(C(x, t), t) = phi*varepsilon*J(x, t)*C(x, t)]

when I use pdsolve(pdesys,[J,C]) I get:

{C(x, t) = 0, J(x, t) = _F1(t)}, {C(x, t) = _F1(x)*_C1, J(x, t) = 0}

The solution appears to be either C(x,t) = 0 or J(x,t) = 0. This are the obvious solutions (0 = 0). I have the analytical solution to this PDE system where neither C(x,t) nor J(x,t) are 0.

How to solve this system in maple? Thanks.

 

Hi

In attached mw file I have a equation that "a" is in unknown parameter. X and Y are matrixes of data. How can I calculate the "a" parameter?

Best regard

question.mw

Example 6 from Maple Help.

 

restart:

with(Optimization):

LPSolve(2*x+5*y, {3*x-y = 1, x-y <= 5}, assume = {integer, nonnegative})

 

Kernel crash the same with Maple 2015.

 

Does anyone can confirm?

Mariusz Iwaniuk

hi.please help me for solve this equation

i encounter with error''

Error, (in StringTools:-IsPrefix) second argument must be a string''

equations which be solved attached as pdf file

thanks

Kernel4.mw

root.pdf


 

restart

with(LinearAlgebra):

Typesetting:-Settings(functionassign=false):

NULL

Constants

 

landa := 0.404e11; -1; mu := 0.27e11; -1; alpha := 0.23e-4; -1; rho := 2707; -1; k := 204; -1; c := 903; -1; nu := .3; -1; E := 0.70e11; -1; T0 := 293; -1; omega := 0.1e-1

0.1e-1

(1.1.1)

beta := alpha*(3*landa+2*mu):

NULL

varpi := 0.1e-1; -1; No := 15

15

(1.1.2)

 

 

Eq[1] := besselj(0, xi*b)*(eval(diff(bessely(0, xi*r), r), r = a))-(eval(diff(besselj(0, xi*r), r), r = a))*bessely(0, xi*b):

 

wf1 := unapply(Eq[1], xi):

1

 

1.794010904

 

1

 

2

 

1.794010904

 

1

 

3

 

4.802060761

 

2

 

4

 

4.802060761

 

2

 

5

 

4.802060761

 

2

 

6

 

7.908961712

 

3

 

7

 

7.908961712

 

3

 

8

 

7.908961712

 

3

 

9

 

11.03509457

 

4

 

10

 

11.03509457

 

4

 

11

 

11.03509457

 

4

 

12

 

11.03509457

 

4

 

13

 

14.16798650

 

5

 

14

 

14.16798650

 

5

 

15

 

14.16798650

 

5

 

16

 

17.30400975

 

6

(1.2.1)

Eq[2] := MTM:-besselj(1, eta*b)*(eval(diff(MTM:-bessely(1, eta*r), r), r = a))-(eval(diff(MTM:-besselj(1, eta*r), r), r = a))*MTM:-bessely(1, eta*b):

wf2 := unapply(Eq[2], eta):

1

 

1.958510605

 

1

 

2

 

1.958510605

 

1

 

3

 

4.857021628

 

2

 

4

 

4.857021628

 

2

 

5

 

4.857021628

 

2

 

6

 

7.941288451

 

3

 

7

 

7.941288451

 

3

 

8

 

7.941288451

 

3

 

9

 

11.05802155

 

4

 

10

 

11.05802155

 

4

 

11

 

11.05802155

 

4

 

12

 

11.05802155

 

4

 

13

 

14.18576207

 

5

 

14

 

14.18576207

 

5

 

15

 

14.18576207

 

5

 

16

 

17.31852918

 

6

(1.2.2)

 

for m to MM do K0[m] := proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(0, xi[m]*r)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*b)-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*r) end proc; KK0[m] := proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; diff(K0[m](r, m), r) end proc; K1[n] := proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(1, eta__n*r)*BesselY(1, eta__n*b)-BesselJ(1, eta__n*b)*BesselY(1, eta__n*r) end proc; KK1[n] := proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; diff(K1[n](r, n), r) end proc end do

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(0, xi[m]*r)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*b)-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K0[m](r, m), r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(1, eta__n*r)*BesselY(1, eta__n*b)-BesselJ(1, eta__n*b)*BesselY(1, eta__n*r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K1[n](r, n), r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(0, xi[m]*r)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*b)-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K0[m](r, m), r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(1, eta__n*r)*BesselY(1, eta__n*b)-BesselJ(1, eta__n*b)*BesselY(1, eta__n*r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K1[n](r, n), r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(0, xi[m]*r)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*b)-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K0[m](r, m), r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(1, eta__n*r)*BesselY(1, eta__n*b)-BesselJ(1, eta__n*b)*BesselY(1, eta__n*r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K1[n](r, n), r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(0, xi[m]*r)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*b)-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K0[m](r, m), r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(1, eta__n*r)*BesselY(1, eta__n*b)-BesselJ(1, eta__n*b)*BesselY(1, eta__n*r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K1[n](r, n), r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(0, xi[m]*r)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*b)-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K0[m](r, m), r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(1, eta__n*r)*BesselY(1, eta__n*b)-BesselJ(1, eta__n*b)*BesselY(1, eta__n*r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K1[n](r, n), r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(0, xi[m]*r)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*b)-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*BesselY(0, xi[m]*r) end proc

 

proc (r, m) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K0[m](r, m), r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; BesselJ(1, eta__n*r)*BesselY(1, eta__n*b)-BesselJ(1, eta__n*b)*BesselY(1, eta__n*r) end proc

 

proc (r, n) options operator, arrow; MTM:-diff(K1[n](r, n), r) end proc

(1.2.3)

U1 := -(int(r*K0[m]*(diff(K1[n], r)+K1[n]/r), r = a .. b))/(int(r*K0[m]^2, r = a .. b)); -1; U2 := -(int(r*K1[n]*(diff(K0[m], r)), r = a .. b))/(int(r*K1[n]^2, r = a .. b)); -1; U3 := (int(r^2*omega^2*K1[n], r = a .. b))/(int(r*K1[n]^2, r = a .. b))

0.1555555555e-3/K1[0]

(1.2.4)

m := 0; -1; for m to MM do M__m := int(r*K1[m](r, m)^2, r = a .. b); bb__m := 1/M__m end do

int(r*K1[1](r, 1)^2, r = 1 .. 2)

 

1/(int(r*K1[1](r, 1)^2, r = 1 .. 2))

 

int(r*K1[2](r, 2)^2, r = 1 .. 2)

 

1/(int(r*K1[2](r, 2)^2, r = 1 .. 2))

 

int(r*K1[3](r, 3)^2, r = 1 .. 2)

 

1/(int(r*K1[3](r, 3)^2, r = 1 .. 2))

 

int(r*K1[4](r, 4)^2, r = 1 .. 2)

 

1/(int(r*K1[4](r, 4)^2, r = 1 .. 2))

 

int(r*K1[5](r, 5)^2, r = 1 .. 2)

 

1/(int(r*K1[5](r, 5)^2, r = 1 .. 2))

 

int(r*K1[6](r, 6)^2, r = 1 .. 2)

 

1/(int(r*K1[6](r, 6)^2, r = 1 .. 2))

(1.2.5)

MM; 1; n; 1; m; 1; U1; 1; U2; 1; U3; 1; xi

6

 

0

 

7

 

-(2/3)*K1[0]/K0[7]

 

0

 

0.1555555555e-3/K1[0]

 

xi

(1.2.6)

for m to MM do for n to MM do dsys := {diff(S[m][n](t), t, t, t)+xi^2*[m]*(diff(S[m][n](t), t, t))+(-U1*U2+`&eta;__&eta;__n__`^2)*(diff(S[m][n](t), t))+xi[m]^2*`&eta;__&eta;__n__`^2*S[m][n](t) = -(2*U2*bb[m]/(Pi*xi[m])*(-BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)/BesselJ(1, xi[m]*a)))*q+xi^2*[m]*U3} end do end do; sol := dsolve(dsys)

Error, (in StringTools:-IsPrefix) second argument must be a string

 

 

NULL

for m to MM do for n to MM do dsys2 := {diff(Q__mn(t), t, t, t)+xi[m]^2*(diff(Q__mn(t), t, t))+(-U1*U2+eta__n^2)*(diff(Q__mn(t), t))+xi[m]^2*eta__n^2*Q__mn(t) = -2*BesselJ(0, xi[m]*b)*U1*U2*b__m*(1-exp(-xi[m]^2*t))/(BesselJ(1, xi[m]*a)*Pi*xi[m]^3)} end do end do;

sol2 := dsolve(dsys2)

Error, (in dsolve) invalid input: `PDEtools/sdsolve` expects its 1st argument, SYS, to be of type Or(set({`<>`, `=`, algebraic}), list({`<>`, `=`, algebraic}), `casesplit/ans`(list, list)), but received [{Q__mn(t)*pochhammer(1-n, n)+(1497143767/5000000)*(diff(Q__mn(t), [`$`(t, t)]))+eta__n^2*(diff(Q__mn(t), t))+(1497143767/5000000)*eta__n^2*Q__mn(t) = 0}]

 

``

NULL

NULL

 

Download Kernel4.mw

Hi

First question is, given a list of some positive integers, how can I normalize this list? Normalize here is in the sense that, for example, if 

L := [1,3,4,4,5,7,7,7,8]

then there really are only 6 different integers appear, so I would like to assign each part an integer from 1 to 6 in ascending order. So 1 becomes 1, 3 becomes 2, 4 becomes 3, 5 becomes 4, 7 becomes 5 and so on. Normalized list will be

NormalizedL := [1,2,3,3,4,5,5,5,6]

 

Second question is given a list, let's say [1,3,1,3,2,2,4,4], how can I normalize it in a similar way but now we assign each integer upon occurrence of a part. So [1,3,1,3,2,2,4,4] will be [1,2,1,2,3,3,4,4]. This is necessary for me because lists have repeating parts. 

Another example will be [2,4,4,1,2,2,3,3] will be [1,2,2,3,1,1,4,4]. 

Thank you 

How to know how long the animation last and how to stop gif at the end.

I created a GIF from exporttool but I don't know how long is the animation ? I mean when it stops at the end of value. Or how to make GIF run as real time. because I make a gif for showing how a thing fall down from a attitude. And I need to show some figure like t (time) , h ( high ), v( speed ) thing like that while it falling down.

Thanks

My query is related to Maple packages "Lie algebra" and "DifferentialGeometry", I wonder can these packages help me to check isomophism between to Lie algebras, for example, suppose I have a 4-dim Lie algebra with commutation relations:

[e2, e3] = e3, [e2, e4] = - e4, [e3, e4] = - e1 

and another 4-dim Lie algebra with commutation relations

[e2, e3] = e1, [e4, e2] = e2, [e3, e4] = - e3

Can I check for isomophism between these Lie algebras if there is any using Lie algebra package ?

 

Regards

How to hum program repeat several times and save what data result from each time it runs?

Hello! 

In an assigment I have been asked to use the Eigenvectors command to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a particular matrix. 

As highlighted in the following image, my questions are:

1. What is the meaning of the suffix "+0.I"? Does it mean that there are further decimal digits which are not displayed?

2. How do the first and third eigenvalues, which are equal, result in different eigenvectors? As per my understanding, equal eigenvalues should have equal corresponding eigenvectors. Please help.

I need to plot a path with curvilinear coordinates. Knowing the curvature theta and length s of  parts that compose it, I found the equations of x and y as a function of the parameter s that goes from zero to the total length.
I make an example below:

for 0 <s <2,     x = s     and

                     y = 0 (straight line)

 

for 2 <s <2 + Pi,        x = 2 + 2 * sin ((s-2) / 2)      and

                              y = 2 * (1-cos ((s-2) / 2)

Now I want to find the corresponding plot of x (s), y (s) (without showing s as coordinate) but I do not know what commands I can use. Can you suggest me something? Thank you

I'm tryinv to find the contents of specific bins in a maple histogram. I don't find this elementary 'function' anywhere in the help.

How do I do it? Surely it's possible w/o taking a ruler to the screen...

 

 

When I used exportplot in Maple2015 , the GIF file made easily after Enter. But when I use Engine.evaluate in Java jOpenMaple. it works for every command but exportplot. It didn't create any GIF file. I'm working on project must be use this for create animation by Maple but now that make big trouble. Any one to help this ?

VeHinhNemXien := proc(Alpha,Vbd)
  local Y,V0,alpha,X,ball,Xmax,bgr;
  with(plottools):
  with(plots):
  Y := unapply(V0*sin(alpha)*X/(V0*cos(alpha)) - 1/2*9.8*(X/(V0*cos(alpha)))^2,alpha,V0,X);
  ball := proc(x,y) plots[pointplot]([[x,y]],color=red,symbol=solidcircle,symbolsize=40) end proc;
  Xmax := 2*Vbd^2*sin(Alpha)*cos(Alpha)/9.8;
  bgr := plot(Y(Alpha,Vbd,X),X=0..Xmax,linestyle=[2]);
  animate(ball,[X,Y(Alpha,Vbd,X)],X=0..Xmax,scaling=constrained,labels=["Độ xa","Độ cao"],frames=60,background=bgr);
  exportplot(FileTools:-JoinPath([FileTools:-TemporaryDirectory(), "dothi.gif"]), animate(ball,[X,Y(Alpha,Vbd,X)],X=0..Xmax,scaling=constrained,labels=["Độ xa","Độ cao"],frames=60,background=bgr), gif);
end proc:

save VeHinhNemXien , "D:\\VeHinhNemXien.m";

in java file

String a[];
        a = new String[1];
        a[0] = "java";
        t = new Engine(a, new EngineCallBacksDefault(), null, null);

        t.restart();
        t.evaluate("read \"resources/VeHinhNemXien.m\";");

        t.evaluate(....query to call VeHinhNemXien to draw plot).

I checked carefully. When call it on Maple, it created GIF, but not in java. I checked queryString carefully.

New Info. I find that when I t.evaluate(....query to call VeHinhNemXien to draw plot) . this code make java stop there. that mean no code after this line can run.

 

Hi, I want to ask. the maple program that i have done have something wrong somewhere.

for an example changes basis

 from e_{1}e_{1}=e_{1} , e_{1}e_{2}=e_{2} maple program reading :A1 : (1,1,1)=1,B1: (1,2,2)=1

to e_{2}e_{2}=e_{2} , e_{2}e_{1}=e_{1} maple program reading :A2: (2,2,2)=1,B2: (2,1,1)=1

these changes basis above are 2 operation, left product and right product

A1 and A2 are left product, while B1 and B2 are right product,

i need to make A1 isomorphic to A2, and B1 isomorphic to B2.

by using maple program, i should get identity in matrix form 2x2

[0 1] but i get [0         1]

[1 0],            [C_{21} 0],

For isomorphism, the determinant should not be zero

here's are my maple program:

>isom := proc (A1, A2, B1, B2, n)

local i, j, k, s, r, eqns, t, TEST, BChange, sols, m, S1, S2, C;

C := matrix(n, n);

BChange := matrix(n, n);

TEST := 0; eqns := {};

for i to n do for j to n do for m to n do

S1 := sum(A1[i, j, k]*C[k, m], k = 1 .. n); S2 := sum(C[i, r]*(sum(A2[r, s, m]*C[j, s], s = 1 .. n)), r = 1 .. n);

eqns := `union`(eqns, {S1 = S2})

end do end do end do;

for i to n do for j to n do for m to n do

S1 := sum(B1[i, j, k]*C[k, m], k = 1 .. n); S2 := sum(C[i, r]*(sum(C[j, s]*B2[r, s, m], s = 1 .. n)), r = 1 .. n);

eqns := `union`(eqns, {S1 = S2})

end do end do end do;

sols := [solve(eqns)];

t := nops(sols);

for i to t do for j to n do for k to n do

BChange[k, j] := subs(sols[i], C[k, j])

end do end do;

if simplify(linalg:-det(BChange)) <> 0 then print("BChange", BChange);

print("s1", S1); print("s2", S2); print("The det is", simplify(linalg:-det(BChange)));

TEST := 1 end if end do;

if TEST = 0 then print("These two algebras are not isomorphic")

end if end proc

input maple program:

> DENDA1 := array(sparse, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, [(1, 1, 1) = 1]);
> DENDB1 := array(sparse, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, [(1, 2, 2) = 1]);
> DENDA2 := array(sparse, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, [(2, 2, 2) = 1]);
> DENDB2 := array(sparse, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, 1 .. 2, [(2, 1, 1) = 1]);
> isom(DENDA1, DENDA2, DENDB1, DENDB2, 2);

Hi All, 

I'm using the Physics package, which enables GR calculations, ie defining metrics and tensor algebra. 

Was just curious if it were possible to add a perturbation to the metric when calculating Ricci and Christoffels. 

I would like something like 

g_[] = g1_[mu,nu] + h[mu,nu] 

And then do a calculation like, 

Ricci[]. 

 

I know this would be possible if I define everything and re-write the calculations for calculating Ricci, i.e

Define(g1[mu,nu], h[mu,nu]); 

and the proceed with GR calculations to find Ricci, however was hoping there was an easier way to do this. 

Any help is appreciated. 

Thanks guys. 

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