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  • There is an interesting preprint here, on a method for integration of some pseudo-elliptic integrals.

    It was mentioned in a (sci.math.symbolic) usenet thread, which can be accessed via Google Groups here.

    Inside the paper, the author mentions that the following is possible for some cases -- to first convert to RootOf form.

    restart;

    kernelopts(version);

    `Maple 2020.0, X86 64 LINUX, Mar 4 2020, Build ID 1455132`

    ig:=((-3+x^2)*(1-6*x^2+x^4)^(-1/4))/(-1+x^2);

    (x^2-3)/((x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)*(x^2-1))

    int(ig,x);

    int((x^2-3)/((x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)*(x^2-1)), x)

    infolevel[int] := 2:

    S:=simplify([allvalues(int(convert(ig,RootOf),x))],size):

    Stage1: first-stage indefinite integration

    Stage2: second-stage indefinite integration

    Norman: enter Risch-Norman integrator

    Norman: exit Risch-Norman integrator

    int/algrisch/int: Risch/Trager's algorithm for algebraic function

    int/algrisch/int: entering integrator at time 9.029

    int/algrisch/int: function field has degree 4

    int/algrisch/int: computation of an integral basis: start time 9.031

    int/algrisch/int: computation of an integral basis: end time 9.038

    int/algrisch/int: normalization at infinity: start time 9.039

    int/algrisch/int: normalization at infinity: end time 9.048

    int/algrisch/int: genus of the function field 3

    int/algrisch/int: computation of the algebraic part: start time 9.059

    int/algrisch/int: computation of the algebraic part: end time 9.060

    int/algrisch/int: computation of the transcendental part: start time 9.063

    int/algrisch/transcpar: computing a basis for the residues at time 9.068

    int/algrisch/residues: computing a splitting field at time 9.068

    int/algrisch/transcpar: basis for the residues computed at time 9.103

    int/algrisch/transcpar: dimension is 2

    int/algrisch/transcpar: building divisors at time 9.300

    int/algrisch/transcpar: testing divisors for principality at time 9.605

    int/algrisch/goodprime: searching for a good prime at time 9.606

    int/algrisch/goodprime: good prime found at time 9.704

    int/algrisch/goodprime: searching for a good prime at time 9.704

    int/algrisch/goodprime: good prime found at time 9.762

    int/algrisch/areprinc: the divisor is principal: time 10.084

    int/algrisch/areprinc: the divisor is principal: time 11.833

    int/algrisch/transcpar: divisors proven pincipal at time at time 11.833

    int/algrisch/transcpar: generators computed at time 11.834

    int/algrisch/transcpar: orders are [1 1]

    int/algrisch/transcpar: check that the candidate is an actual antiderivative

    int/algrisch/transcpar: the antiderivative is elementary

    int/algrisch/transcpar: antiderivative is (1/2)*ln((RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)^3*_z^3-RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)^2*_z^4+RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)^2*_z^2-3*_z^3*RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)+RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)*_z-5*_z^2+1)/((_z+1)*(_z-1)*_z^2))+(1/2)*RootOf(_Z^2+1)*ln((RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)^2*RootOf(_Z^2+1)*_z^4+RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)^3*_z^3-RootOf(_Z^2+1)*RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)^2*_z^2+3*_z^3*RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)-5*RootOf(_Z^2+1)*_z^2-RootOf(_Z^4*_z^4-_z^4+6*_z^2-1 index = 1)*_z+RootOf(_Z^2+1))/((_z+1)*(_z-1)*_z^2))

    int/algrisch/int: computation of the transcendental part: end time 12.040

    int/algrisch/int: exiting integrator for algebraic functions at time 12.041

    S[1];

    (1/2)*ln(-((x^4-6*x^2+1)^(3/4)*x+(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/2)*x^2+(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)*x^3+x^4-(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/2)-3*(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)*x-5*x^2)/((x+1)*(x-1)))+((1/2)*I)*ln((-(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(3/4)*x+(I*x^2-I)*(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/2)+(x^3-3*x)*(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)-I*x^2*(x^2-5))/((x+1)*(x-1)))

    S[2];

    (1/2)*ln(-((x^4-6*x^2+1)^(3/4)*x+(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/2)*x^2+(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)*x^3+x^4-(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/2)-3*(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)*x-5*x^2)/((x+1)*(x-1)))-((1/2)*I)*ln((-(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(3/4)*x+(-I*x^2+I)*(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/2)+(x^3-3*x)*(x^4-6*x^2+1)^(1/4)+I*x^2*(x^2-5))/((x+1)*(x-1)))

    simplify( diff(S[1],x) - ig ), simplify( diff(S[2],x) - ig );

    0, 0

     

    Download int_pe.mw

    I’m extremely pleased to introduce the newest update to the Maple Companion. In this time of wide-spread remote learning, tools like the Maple Companion are more important than ever, and I’m happy that our efforts are helping students (and some of their parents!) with at least one small aspect of their life.  Since we’ve added a lot of useful features since I last posted about this free mobile app, I wanted to share the ones I’m most excited about. 

    (If you haven’t heard about the Maple Companion app, you can read more about it here.) 

    If you use the app primarily to move math into Maple, you’ll be happy to hear that the automatic camera focus has gotten much better over the last couple of updates, and with this latest update, you can now turn on the flash if you need it. For me, these changes have virtually eliminated the need to fiddle with the camera to bring the math in focus, which sometimes happened in earlier versions.

    If you use the app to get answers on your phone, that’s gotten much better, too. You can now see plots instantly as you enter your expression in the editor, and watch how the plot changes as you change the expression. You can also get results to many numerical problems results immediately, without having to switch to the results screen. This “calculator mode” is available even if you aren’t connected to the internet.  Okay, so there aren’t a lot of students doing their homework on the bus right now, but someday!

    Speaking of plots, you can also now view plots full-screen, so you can see more of plot at once without zooming and panning, squinting, or buying a bigger phone.

    Finally, if English is not you or your students’ first language, note that the app was recently made available in Spanish, French, German, Russian, Danish, Japanese, and Simplified Chinese. 

    As always, we’d love you hear your feedback and suggestions. Please leave a comment, or use the feedback forms in the app or our web site.

    Visit Maple Companion to learn more, find links to the app stores so you can download the app, and access the feedback form. If you already have it installed, you can get the new release simply by updating the app on your phone.


     

    Something a while ago made me wonder if people were interpretting the results of flattening the covid19 curve wrong.  Log graphs are good way to display a wide range of data in a compact way, but if you can't interpret it properly then you might as well think apples are oranges.  There was something someone said not to long ago that I didn't believe.  That person was Dr. Fauci, an American physician and immunologist who served as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases since 1984.  On April 9, 2020 he said, on the final death toll of the U.S. for Coronavirus, and I quote "looks more like 60,000 than the 100,000 to 200,000" U.S. officials had previously estimated ...  Back then I thought he was wrong, and actually now, he is wrong.

     

    Some people just don't understand log graphs and I believe a lot of people are misinterpretting them.  Take a linear graph increasing in time and put it on a log scale and you naturally get a "flattening" curve without even doing anything.  But let's see what Dr. Fauci was seeing, and how he and likely many others, are misinterpretting the graphs.

     

    Taking data from Worldometers.info/coronavirus we gather the total deaths

    ``

    USTotaldeathsdates := ["Feb 15", "Feb 16", "Feb 17", "Feb 18", "Feb 19", "Feb 20", "Feb 21", "Feb 22", "Feb 23", "Feb 24", "Feb 25", "Feb 26", "Feb 27", "Feb 28", "Feb 29", "Mar 01", "Mar 02", "Mar 03", "Mar 04", "Mar 05", "Mar 06", "Mar 07", "Mar 08", "Mar 09", "Mar 10", "Mar 11", "Mar 12", "Mar 13", "Mar 14", "Mar 15", "Mar 16", "Mar 17", "Mar 18", "Mar 19", "Mar 20", "Mar 21", "Mar 22", "Mar 23", "Mar 24", "Mar 25", "Mar 26", "Mar 27", "Mar 28", "Mar 29", "Mar 30", "Mar 31", "Apr 01", "Apr 02", "Apr 03", "Apr 04", "Apr 05", "Apr 06", "Apr 07", "Apr 08", "Apr 09", "Apr 10", "Apr 11", "Apr 12", "Apr 13", "Apr 14", "Apr 15", "Apr 16", "Apr 17", "Apr 18", "Apr 19", "Apr 20", "Apr 21", "Apr 22", "Apr 23", "Apr 24", "Apr 25", "Apr 26", "Apr 27", "Apr 28", "Apr 29", "Apr 30", "May 01"]:

    USTotalDeaths := [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 19, 22, 26, 30, 38, 41, 48, 58, 73, 95, 121, 171, 239, 309, 374, 509, 689, 957, 1260, 1614, 2110, 2754, 3251, 4066, 5151, 6394, 7576, 8839, 10384, 11793, 13298, 15526, 17691, 19802, 22038, 24062, 25789, 27515, 30081, 32712, 34905, 37448, 39331, 40901, 42853, 45536, 47894, 50234, 52191, 54256, 55412, 56795, 59265, 61655, 63856, 65753]:

    ``

    We will graph the data from when there were more than 100 deaths and up until April 9th when he made his prediction.

    ListTools:-Search("Apr 09", USTotaldeathsdates)

    55

    (1)

    ListTools:-Search(121, USTotalDeaths)

    32

    (2)

    with(plots):

    a := plots:-listplot(USTotalDeaths[32 .. 55], axis[2] = [mode = log], tickmarks = [[seq(i-31 = USTotaldeathsdates[i], i = 32 .. 55)], [100 = "100", 1000 = "1K", 10000 = "10K", 100000 = "100K", 1000000 = "1M"]], view = [default, 100 .. 1000000], color = "#FF9900", thickness = 6, labels = ["", "Total Coronavirus Deaths"], labeldirections = [default, vertical])

    PLOT(CURVES(Matrix(24, 2, {(1, 1) = 1.0, (1, 2) = 121.0, (2, 1) = 2.0, (2, 2) = 171.0, (3, 1) = 3.0, (3, 2) = 239.0, (4, 1) = 4.0, (4, 2) = 309.0, (5, 1) = 5.0, (5, 2) = 374.0, (6, 1) = 6.0, (6, 2) = 509.0, (7, 1) = 7.0, (7, 2) = 689.0, (8, 1) = 8.0, (8, 2) = 957.0, (9, 1) = 9.0, (9, 2) = 1260.0, (10, 1) = 10.0, (10, 2) = 1614.0, (11, 1) = 11.0, (11, 2) = 2110.0, (12, 1) = 12.0, (12, 2) = 2754.0, (13, 1) = 13.0, (13, 2) = 3251.0, (14, 1) = 14.0, (14, 2) = 4066.0, (15, 1) = 15.0, (15, 2) = 5151.0, (16, 1) = 16.0, (16, 2) = 6394.0, (17, 1) = 17.0, (17, 2) = 7576.0, (18, 1) = 18.0, (18, 2) = 8839.0, (19, 1) = 19.0, (19, 2) = 10384.0, (20, 1) = 20.0, (20, 2) = 11793.0, (21, 1) = 21.0, (21, 2) = 13298.0, (22, 1) = 22.0, (22, 2) = 15526.0, (23, 1) = 23.0, (23, 2) = 17691.0, (24, 1) = 24.0, (24, 2) = 19802.0}, datatype = float[8])), COLOUR(RGB, 1.00000000, .60000000, 0.), THICKNESS(6), _AXIS[2](_MODE(1)), AXESTICKS([1 = "Mar 17", 2 = "Mar 18", 3 = "Mar 19", 4 = "Mar 20", 5 = "Mar 21", 6 = "Mar 22", 7 = "Mar 23", 8 = "Mar 24", 9 = "Mar 25", 10 = "Mar 26", 11 = "Mar 27", 12 = "Mar 28", 13 = "Mar 29", 14 = "Mar 30", 15 = "Mar 31", 16 = "Apr 01", 17 = "Apr 02", 18 = "Apr 03", 19 = "Apr 04", 20 = "Apr 05", 21 = "Apr 06", 22 = "Apr 07", 23 = "Apr 08", 24 = "Apr 09"], [100 = "100", 1000 = "1K", 10000 = "10K", 100000 = "100K", 1000000 = "1M"]), AXESLABELS("", "Total Coronavirus Deaths", FONT(DEFAULT), DEFAULT, VERTICAL), VIEW(DEFAULT, 100 .. 1000000))

    (3)

    b := plot([1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000], x = 0 .. 30, color = "#E6E6E6", thickness = 0):

    ``

    NULL

     

    plots:-display(a, b, title = "Total Deaths \n (Logarithmic scale)\n", titlefont = ["Helvetica", 18], size = [681, 400])

     

    Just by looking at the graph you  can imagine Dr. Fauci saying look at that graph starting to level off and he would extrapolate an imaginary line that could if you wanted to level off around where he said 60,000.  And that's the confusion people have with these log graphs - people misinterpret them.  

    Here's what it looks like today

    a2 := plots:-listplot(USTotalDeaths[32 .. ()], axis[2] = [mode = log], tickmarks = [[seq(i-31 = USTotaldeathsdates[i], i = 32 .. nops(USTotaldeathsdates))], [100 = "100", 1000 = "1K", 10000 = "10K", 100000 = "100K", 1000000 = "1M"]], view = [default, 100 .. 1000000], color = "#FF9900", thickness = 6, labels = ["", "Total Coronavirus Deaths"], labeldirections = [default, vertical])

    PLOT(CURVES(Matrix(46, 2, {(1, 1) = 1.0, (1, 2) = 121.0, (2, 1) = 2.0, (2, 2) = 171.0, (3, 1) = 3.0, (3, 2) = 239.0, (4, 1) = 4.0, (4, 2) = 309.0, (5, 1) = 5.0, (5, 2) = 374.0, (6, 1) = 6.0, (6, 2) = 509.0, (7, 1) = 7.0, (7, 2) = 689.0, (8, 1) = 8.0, (8, 2) = 957.0, (9, 1) = 9.0, (9, 2) = 1260.0, (10, 1) = 10.0, (10, 2) = 1614.0, (11, 1) = 11.0, (11, 2) = 2110.0, (12, 1) = 12.0, (12, 2) = 2754.0, (13, 1) = 13.0, (13, 2) = 3251.0, (14, 1) = 14.0, (14, 2) = 4066.0, (15, 1) = 15.0, (15, 2) = 5151.0, (16, 1) = 16.0, (16, 2) = 6394.0, (17, 1) = 17.0, (17, 2) = 7576.0, (18, 1) = 18.0, (18, 2) = 8839.0, (19, 1) = 19.0, (19, 2) = 10384.0, (20, 1) = 20.0, (20, 2) = 11793.0, (21, 1) = 21.0, (21, 2) = 13298.0, (22, 1) = 22.0, (22, 2) = 15526.0, (23, 1) = 23.0, (23, 2) = 17691.0, (24, 1) = 24.0, (24, 2) = 19802.0, (25, 1) = 25.0, (25, 2) = 22038.0, (26, 1) = 26.0, (26, 2) = 24062.0, (27, 1) = 27.0, (27, 2) = 25789.0, (28, 1) = 28.0, (28, 2) = 27515.0, (29, 1) = 29.0, (29, 2) = 30081.0, (30, 1) = 30.0, (30, 2) = 32712.0, (31, 1) = 31.0, (31, 2) = 34905.0, (32, 1) = 32.0, (32, 2) = 37448.0, (33, 1) = 33.0, (33, 2) = 39331.0, (34, 1) = 34.0, (34, 2) = 40901.0, (35, 1) = 35.0, (35, 2) = 42853.0, (36, 1) = 36.0, (36, 2) = 45536.0, (37, 1) = 37.0, (37, 2) = 47894.0, (38, 1) = 38.0, (38, 2) = 50234.0, (39, 1) = 39.0, (39, 2) = 52191.0, (40, 1) = 40.0, (40, 2) = 54256.0, (41, 1) = 41.0, (41, 2) = 55412.0, (42, 1) = 42.0, (42, 2) = 56795.0, (43, 1) = 43.0, (43, 2) = 59265.0, (44, 1) = 44.0, (44, 2) = 61655.0, (45, 1) = 45.0, (45, 2) = 63856.0, (46, 1) = 46.0, (46, 2) = 65753.0}, datatype = float[8])), COLOUR(RGB, 1.00000000, .60000000, 0.), THICKNESS(6), _AXIS[2](_MODE(1)), AXESTICKS([1 = "Mar 17", 2 = "Mar 18", 3 = "Mar 19", 4 = "Mar 20", 5 = "Mar 21", 6 = "Mar 22", 7 = "Mar 23", 8 = "Mar 24", 9 = "Mar 25", 10 = "Mar 26", 11 = "Mar 27", 12 = "Mar 28", 13 = "Mar 29", 14 = "Mar 30", 15 = "Mar 31", 16 = "Apr 01", 17 = "Apr 02", 18 = "Apr 03", 19 = "Apr 04", 20 = "Apr 05", 21 = "Apr 06", 22 = "Apr 07", 23 = "Apr 08", 24 = "Apr 09", 25 = "Apr 10", 26 = "Apr 11", 27 = "Apr 12", 28 = "Apr 13", 29 = "Apr 14", 30 = "Apr 15", 31 = "Apr 16", 32 = "Apr 17", 33 = "Apr 18", 34 = "Apr 19", 35 = "Apr 20", 36 = "Apr 21", 37 = "Apr 22", 38 = "Apr 23", 39 = "Apr 24", 40 = "Apr 25", 41 = "Apr 26", 42 = "Apr 27", 43 = "Apr 28", 44 = "Apr 29", 45 = "Apr 30", 46 = "May 01"], [100 = "100", 1000 = "1K", 10000 = "10K", 100000 = "100K", 1000000 = "1M"]), AXESLABELS("", "Total Coronavirus Deaths", FONT(DEFAULT), DEFAULT, VERTICAL), VIEW(DEFAULT, 100 .. 1000000))

    (4)

    b2 := plot([1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000], x = 0 .. 60, color = "#E6E6E6", thickness = 0)

    PLOT(CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 1000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 1000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 1000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 1000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 1000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 1000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 1000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 1000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 1000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 1000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 1000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 1000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 1000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 1000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 1000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 1000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 1000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 1000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 1000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 1000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 1000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 1000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 1000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 1000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 1000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 1000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 1000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 1000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 1000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 1000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 1000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 1000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 1000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 1000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 1000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 1000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 1000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 1000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 1000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 1000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 1000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 1000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 1000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 1000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 1000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 1000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 1000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 1000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 1000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 1000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 1000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 1000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 1000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 1000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 1000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 1000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 1000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 1000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 1000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 1000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 1000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 1000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 1000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 1000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 1000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 1000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 1000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 1000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 1000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 1000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 1000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 1000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 1000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 1000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 1000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 1000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 1000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 1000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 1000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 1000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 1000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 1000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 1000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 1000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 1000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 1000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 1000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 1000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 1000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 1000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 1000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 1000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 1000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 1000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 1000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 1000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 1000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 1000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 1000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 1000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 1000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 1000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 1000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 1000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 1000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 1000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 1000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 1000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 1000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 1000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 1000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 1000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 1000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 1000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 1000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 1000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 1000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 1000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 1000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 1000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 1000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 1000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 1000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 1000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 1000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 1000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 1000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 1000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 1000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 1000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 1000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 1000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 1000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 1000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 1000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 1000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 1000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 1000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 1000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 1000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 1000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 1000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 1000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 1000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 1000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 1000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 1000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 1000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 1000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 1000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 1000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 1000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 1000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 1000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 1000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 1000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 1000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 1000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 1000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 1000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 1000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 1000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 1000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 1000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 1000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 1000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 1000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 1000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 1000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 1000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 1000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 1000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 1000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 1000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 1000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 1000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 1000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 1000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 1000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 1000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 1000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 1000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 1000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 1000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 1000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 1000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 1000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 1000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 1000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 1000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 1000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 1000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 1000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 1000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 1000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 1000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 1000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 1000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 1000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 1000.0}, datatype = float[8])), CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 10000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 10000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 10000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 10000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 10000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 10000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 10000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 10000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 10000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 10000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 10000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 10000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 10000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 10000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 10000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 10000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 10000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 10000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 10000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 10000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 10000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 10000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 10000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 10000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 10000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 10000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 10000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 10000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 10000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 10000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 10000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 10000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 10000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 10000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 10000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 10000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 10000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 10000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 10000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 10000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 10000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 10000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 10000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 10000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 10000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 10000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 10000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 10000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 10000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 10000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 10000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 10000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 10000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 10000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 10000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 10000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 10000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 10000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 10000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 10000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 10000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 10000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 10000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 10000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 10000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 10000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 10000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 10000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 10000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 10000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 10000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 10000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 10000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 10000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 10000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 10000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 10000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 10000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 10000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 10000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 10000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 10000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 10000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 10000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 10000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 10000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 10000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 10000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 10000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 10000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 10000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 10000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 10000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 10000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 10000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 10000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 10000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 10000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 10000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 10000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 10000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 10000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 10000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 10000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 10000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 10000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 10000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 10000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 10000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 10000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 10000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 10000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 10000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 10000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 10000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 10000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 10000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 10000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 10000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 10000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 10000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 10000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 10000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 10000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 10000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 10000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 10000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 10000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 10000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 10000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 10000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 10000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 10000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 10000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 10000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 10000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 10000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 10000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 10000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 10000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 10000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 10000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 10000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 10000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 10000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 10000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 10000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 10000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 10000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 10000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 10000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 10000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 10000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 10000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 10000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 10000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 10000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 10000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 10000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 10000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 10000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 10000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 10000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 10000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 10000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 10000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 10000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 10000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 10000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 10000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 10000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 10000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 10000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 10000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 10000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 10000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 10000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 10000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 10000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 10000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 10000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 10000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 10000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 10000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 10000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 10000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 10000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 10000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 10000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 10000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 10000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 10000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 10000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 10000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 10000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 10000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 10000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 10000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 10000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 10000.0}, datatype = float[8])), CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 100000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 100000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 100000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 100000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 100000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 100000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 100000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 100000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 100000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 100000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 100000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 100000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 100000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 100000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 100000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 100000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 100000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 100000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 100000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 100000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 100000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 100000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 100000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 100000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 100000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 100000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 100000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 100000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 100000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 100000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 100000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 100000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 100000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 100000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 100000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 100000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 100000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 100000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 100000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 100000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 100000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 100000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 100000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 100000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 100000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 100000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 100000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 100000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 100000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 100000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 100000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 100000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 100000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 100000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 100000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 100000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 100000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 100000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 100000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 100000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 100000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 100000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 100000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 100000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 100000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 100000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 100000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 100000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 100000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 100000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 100000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 100000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 100000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 100000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 100000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 100000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 100000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 100000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 100000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 100000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 100000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 100000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 100000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 100000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 100000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 100000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 100000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 100000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 100000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 100000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 100000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 100000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 100000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 100000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 100000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 100000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 100000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 100000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 100000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 100000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 100000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 100000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 100000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 100000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 100000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 100000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 100000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 100000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 100000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 100000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 100000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 100000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 100000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 100000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 100000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 100000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 100000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 100000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 100000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 100000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 100000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 100000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 100000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 100000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 100000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 100000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 100000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 100000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 100000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 100000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 100000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 100000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 100000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 100000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 100000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 100000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 100000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 100000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 100000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 100000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 100000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 100000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 100000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 100000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 100000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 100000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 100000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 100000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 100000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 100000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 100000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 100000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 100000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 100000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 100000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 100000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 100000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 100000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 100000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 100000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 100000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 100000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 100000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 100000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 100000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 100000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 100000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 100000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 100000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 100000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 100000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 100000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 100000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 100000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 100000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 100000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 100000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 100000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 100000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 100000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 100000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 100000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 100000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 100000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 100000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 100000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 100000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 100000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 100000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 100000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 100000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 100000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 100000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 100000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 100000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 100000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 100000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 100000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 100000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 100000.0}, datatype = float[8])), CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 1000000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 1000000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 1000000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 1000000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 1000000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 1000000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 1000000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 1000000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 1000000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 1000000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 1000000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 1000000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 1000000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 1000000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 1000000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 1000000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 1000000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 1000000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 1000000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 1000000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 1000000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 1000000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 1000000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 1000000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 1000000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 1000000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 1000000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 1000000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 1000000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 1000000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 1000000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 1000000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 1000000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 1000000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 1000000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 1000000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 1000000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 1000000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 1000000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 1000000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 1000000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 1000000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 1000000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 1000000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 1000000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 1000000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 1000000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 1000000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 1000000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 1000000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 1000000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 1000000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 1000000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 1000000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 1000000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 1000000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 1000000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 1000000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 1000000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 1000000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 1000000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 1000000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 1000000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 1000000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 1000000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 1000000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 1000000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 1000000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 1000000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 1000000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 1000000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 1000000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 1000000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 1000000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 1000000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 1000000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 1000000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 1000000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 1000000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 1000000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 1000000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 1000000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 1000000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 1000000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 1000000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 1000000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 1000000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 1000000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 1000000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 1000000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 1000000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 1000000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 1000000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 1000000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 1000000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 1000000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 1000000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 1000000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 1000000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 1000000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 1000000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 1000000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 1000000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 1000000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 1000000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 1000000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 1000000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 1000000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 1000000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 1000000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 1000000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 1000000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 1000000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 1000000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 1000000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 1000000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 1000000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 1000000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 1000000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 1000000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 1000000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 1000000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 1000000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 1000000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 1000000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 1000000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 1000000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 1000000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 1000000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 1000000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 1000000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 1000000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 1000000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 1000000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 1000000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 1000000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 1000000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 1000000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 1000000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 1000000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 1000000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 1000000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 1000000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 1000000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 1000000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 1000000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 1000000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 1000000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 1000000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 1000000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 1000000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 1000000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 1000000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 1000000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 1000000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 1000000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 1000000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 1000000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 1000000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 1000000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 1000000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 1000000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 1000000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 1000000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 1000000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 1000000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 1000000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 1000000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 1000000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 1000000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 1000000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 1000000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 1000000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 1000000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 1000000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 1000000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 1000000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 1000000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 1000000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 1000000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 1000000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 1000000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 1000000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 1000000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 1000000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 1000000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 1000000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 1000000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 1000000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 1000000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 1000000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 1000000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 1000000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 1000000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 1000000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 1000000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 1000000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 1000000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 1000000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 1000000.0}, datatype = float[8])), COLOUR(RGB, .90196078, .90196078, .90196078), THICKNESS(0), AXESLABELS(x, ""), VIEW(0. .. 60., DEFAULT, _ATTRIBUTE("source" = "mathdefault")))

    (5)

    plots:-display(a2, b2, title = "Total Deaths \n (Logarithmic scale)\n", titlefont = ["Helvetica", 18], size = [681, 400])

     

    One still could think and interpret that graph at levelling off to maybe 100,000.  I sense another Dr. Fauci prediction?  

    Let's take a look at the linear graph

     

    a3 := plots:-listplot(USTotalDeaths[32 .. ()], tickmarks = [[seq(i-31 = USTotaldeathsdates[i], i = 32 .. nops(USTotaldeathsdates))], [20000 = "20K", 40000 = "40K", 60000 = "60K", 80000 = "80K"]], view = [default, 100 .. 80000], color = "#FF9900", thickness = 6, labels = ["", "Total Coronavirus Deaths"], labeldirections = [default, vertical])

    PLOT(CURVES(Matrix(46, 2, {(1, 1) = 1.0, (1, 2) = 121.0, (2, 1) = 2.0, (2, 2) = 171.0, (3, 1) = 3.0, (3, 2) = 239.0, (4, 1) = 4.0, (4, 2) = 309.0, (5, 1) = 5.0, (5, 2) = 374.0, (6, 1) = 6.0, (6, 2) = 509.0, (7, 1) = 7.0, (7, 2) = 689.0, (8, 1) = 8.0, (8, 2) = 957.0, (9, 1) = 9.0, (9, 2) = 1260.0, (10, 1) = 10.0, (10, 2) = 1614.0, (11, 1) = 11.0, (11, 2) = 2110.0, (12, 1) = 12.0, (12, 2) = 2754.0, (13, 1) = 13.0, (13, 2) = 3251.0, (14, 1) = 14.0, (14, 2) = 4066.0, (15, 1) = 15.0, (15, 2) = 5151.0, (16, 1) = 16.0, (16, 2) = 6394.0, (17, 1) = 17.0, (17, 2) = 7576.0, (18, 1) = 18.0, (18, 2) = 8839.0, (19, 1) = 19.0, (19, 2) = 10384.0, (20, 1) = 20.0, (20, 2) = 11793.0, (21, 1) = 21.0, (21, 2) = 13298.0, (22, 1) = 22.0, (22, 2) = 15526.0, (23, 1) = 23.0, (23, 2) = 17691.0, (24, 1) = 24.0, (24, 2) = 19802.0, (25, 1) = 25.0, (25, 2) = 22038.0, (26, 1) = 26.0, (26, 2) = 24062.0, (27, 1) = 27.0, (27, 2) = 25789.0, (28, 1) = 28.0, (28, 2) = 27515.0, (29, 1) = 29.0, (29, 2) = 30081.0, (30, 1) = 30.0, (30, 2) = 32712.0, (31, 1) = 31.0, (31, 2) = 34905.0, (32, 1) = 32.0, (32, 2) = 37448.0, (33, 1) = 33.0, (33, 2) = 39331.0, (34, 1) = 34.0, (34, 2) = 40901.0, (35, 1) = 35.0, (35, 2) = 42853.0, (36, 1) = 36.0, (36, 2) = 45536.0, (37, 1) = 37.0, (37, 2) = 47894.0, (38, 1) = 38.0, (38, 2) = 50234.0, (39, 1) = 39.0, (39, 2) = 52191.0, (40, 1) = 40.0, (40, 2) = 54256.0, (41, 1) = 41.0, (41, 2) = 55412.0, (42, 1) = 42.0, (42, 2) = 56795.0, (43, 1) = 43.0, (43, 2) = 59265.0, (44, 1) = 44.0, (44, 2) = 61655.0, (45, 1) = 45.0, (45, 2) = 63856.0, (46, 1) = 46.0, (46, 2) = 65753.0}, datatype = float[8])), COLOUR(RGB, 1.00000000, .60000000, 0.), THICKNESS(6), AXESTICKS([1 = "Mar 17", 2 = "Mar 18", 3 = "Mar 19", 4 = "Mar 20", 5 = "Mar 21", 6 = "Mar 22", 7 = "Mar 23", 8 = "Mar 24", 9 = "Mar 25", 10 = "Mar 26", 11 = "Mar 27", 12 = "Mar 28", 13 = "Mar 29", 14 = "Mar 30", 15 = "Mar 31", 16 = "Apr 01", 17 = "Apr 02", 18 = "Apr 03", 19 = "Apr 04", 20 = "Apr 05", 21 = "Apr 06", 22 = "Apr 07", 23 = "Apr 08", 24 = "Apr 09", 25 = "Apr 10", 26 = "Apr 11", 27 = "Apr 12", 28 = "Apr 13", 29 = "Apr 14", 30 = "Apr 15", 31 = "Apr 16", 32 = "Apr 17", 33 = "Apr 18", 34 = "Apr 19", 35 = "Apr 20", 36 = "Apr 21", 37 = "Apr 22", 38 = "Apr 23", 39 = "Apr 24", 40 = "Apr 25", 41 = "Apr 26", 42 = "Apr 27", 43 = "Apr 28", 44 = "Apr 29", 45 = "Apr 30", 46 = "May 01"], [20000 = "20K", 40000 = "40K", 60000 = "60K", 80000 = "80K"]), AXESLABELS("", "Total Coronavirus Deaths", FONT(DEFAULT), DEFAULT, VERTICAL), VIEW(DEFAULT, 100 .. 80000))

    (6)

    b3 := plot([20000, 40000, 60000, 80000], x = 0 .. 60, color = "#E6E6E6", thickness = 0)

    PLOT(CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 20000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 20000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 20000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 20000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 20000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 20000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 20000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 20000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 20000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 20000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 20000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 20000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 20000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 20000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 20000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 20000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 20000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 20000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 20000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 20000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 20000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 20000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 20000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 20000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 20000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 20000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 20000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 20000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 20000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 20000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 20000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 20000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 20000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 20000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 20000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 20000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 20000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 20000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 20000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 20000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 20000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 20000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 20000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 20000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 20000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 20000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 20000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 20000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 20000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 20000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 20000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 20000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 20000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 20000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 20000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 20000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 20000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 20000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 20000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 20000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 20000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 20000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 20000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 20000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 20000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 20000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 20000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 20000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 20000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 20000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 20000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 20000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 20000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 20000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 20000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 20000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 20000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 20000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 20000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 20000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 20000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 20000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 20000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 20000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 20000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 20000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 20000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 20000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 20000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 20000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 20000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 20000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 20000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 20000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 20000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 20000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 20000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 20000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 20000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 20000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 20000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 20000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 20000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 20000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 20000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 20000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 20000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 20000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 20000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 20000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 20000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 20000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 20000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 20000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 20000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 20000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 20000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 20000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 20000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 20000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 20000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 20000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 20000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 20000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 20000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 20000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 20000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 20000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 20000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 20000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 20000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 20000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 20000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 20000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 20000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 20000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 20000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 20000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 20000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 20000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 20000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 20000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 20000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 20000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 20000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 20000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 20000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 20000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 20000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 20000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 20000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 20000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 20000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 20000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 20000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 20000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 20000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 20000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 20000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 20000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 20000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 20000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 20000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 20000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 20000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 20000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 20000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 20000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 20000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 20000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 20000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 20000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 20000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 20000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 20000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 20000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 20000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 20000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 20000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 20000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 20000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 20000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 20000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 20000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 20000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 20000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 20000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 20000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 20000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 20000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 20000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 20000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 20000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 20000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 20000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 20000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 20000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 20000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 20000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 20000.0}, datatype = float[8])), CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 40000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 40000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 40000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 40000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 40000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 40000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 40000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 40000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 40000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 40000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 40000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 40000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 40000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 40000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 40000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 40000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 40000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 40000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 40000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 40000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 40000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 40000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 40000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 40000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 40000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 40000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 40000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 40000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 40000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 40000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 40000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 40000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 40000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 40000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 40000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 40000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 40000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 40000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 40000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 40000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 40000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 40000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 40000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 40000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 40000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 40000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 40000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 40000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 40000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 40000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 40000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 40000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 40000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 40000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 40000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 40000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 40000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 40000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 40000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 40000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 40000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 40000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 40000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 40000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 40000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 40000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 40000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 40000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 40000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 40000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 40000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 40000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 40000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 40000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 40000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 40000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 40000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 40000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 40000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 40000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 40000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 40000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 40000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 40000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 40000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 40000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 40000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 40000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 40000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 40000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 40000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 40000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 40000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 40000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 40000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 40000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 40000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 40000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 40000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 40000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 40000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 40000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 40000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 40000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 40000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 40000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 40000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 40000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 40000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 40000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 40000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 40000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 40000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 40000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 40000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 40000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 40000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 40000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 40000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 40000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 40000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 40000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 40000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 40000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 40000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 40000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 40000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 40000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 40000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 40000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 40000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 40000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 40000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 40000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 40000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 40000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 40000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 40000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 40000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 40000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 40000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 40000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 40000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 40000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 40000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 40000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 40000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 40000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 40000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 40000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 40000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 40000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 40000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 40000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 40000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 40000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 40000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 40000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 40000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 40000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 40000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 40000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 40000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 40000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 40000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 40000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 40000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 40000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 40000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 40000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 40000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 40000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 40000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 40000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 40000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 40000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 40000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 40000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 40000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 40000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 40000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 40000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 40000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 40000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 40000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 40000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 40000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 40000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 40000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 40000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 40000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 40000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 40000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 40000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 40000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 40000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 40000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 40000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 40000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 40000.0}, datatype = float[8])), CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 60000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 60000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 60000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 60000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 60000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 60000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 60000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 60000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 60000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 60000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 60000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 60000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 60000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 60000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 60000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 60000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 60000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 60000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 60000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 60000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 60000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 60000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 60000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 60000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 60000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 60000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 60000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 60000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 60000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 60000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 60000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 60000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 60000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 60000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 60000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 60000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 60000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 60000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 60000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 60000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 60000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 60000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 60000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 60000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 60000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 60000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 60000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 60000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 60000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 60000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 60000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 60000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 60000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 60000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 60000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 60000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 60000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 60000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 60000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 60000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 60000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 60000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 60000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 60000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 60000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 60000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 60000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 60000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 60000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 60000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 60000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 60000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 60000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 60000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 60000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 60000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 60000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 60000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 60000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 60000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 60000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 60000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 60000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 60000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 60000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 60000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 60000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 60000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 60000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 60000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 60000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 60000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 60000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 60000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 60000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 60000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 60000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 60000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 60000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 60000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 60000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 60000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 60000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 60000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 60000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 60000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 60000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 60000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 60000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 60000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 60000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 60000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 60000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 60000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 60000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 60000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 60000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 60000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 60000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 60000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 60000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 60000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 60000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 60000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 60000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 60000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 60000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 60000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 60000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 60000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 60000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 60000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 60000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 60000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 60000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 60000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 60000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 60000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 60000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 60000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 60000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 60000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 60000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 60000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 60000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 60000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 60000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 60000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 60000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 60000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 60000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 60000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 60000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 60000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 60000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 60000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 60000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 60000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 60000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 60000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 60000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 60000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 60000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 60000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 60000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 60000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 60000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 60000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 60000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 60000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 60000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 60000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 60000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 60000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 60000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 60000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 60000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 60000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 60000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 60000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 60000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 60000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 60000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 60000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 60000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 60000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 60000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 60000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 60000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 60000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 60000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 60000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 60000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 60000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 60000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 60000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 60000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 60000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 60000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 60000.0}, datatype = float[8])), CURVES(Matrix(200, 2, {(1, 1) = .0, (1, 2) = 80000.0, (2, 1) = .3154563015075377, (2, 2) = 80000.0, (3, 1) = .5899331427135678, (3, 2) = 80000.0, (4, 1) = .8986110572864321, (4, 2) = 80000.0, (5, 1) = 1.2093350894472361, (5, 2) = 80000.0, (6, 1) = 1.5185823045226128, (6, 2) = 80000.0, (7, 1) = 1.8052940592964821, (7, 2) = 80000.0, (8, 1) = 2.102167474371859, (8, 2) = 80000.0, (9, 1) = 2.409194384924623, (9, 2) = 80000.0, (10, 1) = 2.7152366562814065, (10, 2) = 80000.0, (11, 1) = 3.0300387497487438, (11, 2) = 80000.0, (12, 1) = 3.3073166050251253, (12, 2) = 80000.0, (13, 1) = 3.6194657969849247, (13, 2) = 80000.0, (14, 1) = 3.9328967035175877, (14, 2) = 80000.0, (15, 1) = 4.234945459296482, (15, 2) = 80000.0, (16, 1) = 4.509234666331658, (16, 2) = 80000.0, (17, 1) = 4.835391063316583, (17, 2) = 80000.0, (18, 1) = 5.111688313567838, (18, 2) = 80000.0, (19, 1) = 5.433087699497487, (19, 2) = 80000.0, (20, 1) = 5.717580615075376, (20, 2) = 80000.0, (21, 1) = 6.029714433165829, (21, 2) = 80000.0, (22, 1) = 6.32693964120603, (22, 2) = 80000.0, (23, 1) = 6.63706296482412, (23, 2) = 80000.0, (24, 1) = 6.9218529859296485, (24, 2) = 80000.0, (25, 1) = 7.229037497487436, (25, 2) = 80000.0, (26, 1) = 7.548115872361809, (26, 2) = 80000.0, (27, 1) = 7.825874535678391, (27, 2) = 80000.0, (28, 1) = 8.125861501507536, (28, 2) = 80000.0, (29, 1) = 8.435777390954772, (29, 2) = 80000.0, (30, 1) = 8.738969626130652, (30, 2) = 80000.0, (31, 1) = 9.032323703517587, (31, 2) = 80000.0, (32, 1) = 9.358043390954773, (32, 2) = 80000.0, (33, 1) = 9.650717017085425, (33, 2) = 80000.0, (34, 1) = 9.963208582914572, (34, 2) = 80000.0, (35, 1) = 10.246372386934672, (35, 2) = 80000.0, (36, 1) = 10.555945218090452, (36, 2) = 80000.0, (37, 1) = 10.847229126633163, (37, 2) = 80000.0, (38, 1) = 11.151704740703517, (38, 2) = 80000.0, (39, 1) = 11.449385306532662, (39, 2) = 80000.0, (40, 1) = 11.761029271356783, (40, 2) = 80000.0, (41, 1) = 12.06117944924623, (41, 2) = 80000.0, (42, 1) = 12.368126357788944, (42, 2) = 80000.0, (43, 1) = 12.672531590954774, (43, 2) = 80000.0, (44, 1) = 12.952248385929648, (44, 2) = 80000.0, (45, 1) = 13.272835398994975, (45, 2) = 80000.0, (46, 1) = 13.55957224522613, (46, 2) = 80000.0, (47, 1) = 13.865293528643216, (47, 2) = 80000.0, (48, 1) = 14.157907806030149, (48, 2) = 80000.0, (49, 1) = 14.482818355778894, (49, 2) = 80000.0, (50, 1) = 14.76416701809045, (50, 2) = 80000.0, (51, 1) = 15.083500266331658, (51, 2) = 80000.0, (52, 1) = 15.374537855276381, (52, 2) = 80000.0, (53, 1) = 15.69288723919598, (53, 2) = 80000.0, (54, 1) = 15.967568918592962, (54, 2) = 80000.0, (55, 1) = 16.28039928844221, (55, 2) = 80000.0, (56, 1) = 16.582577981909548, (56, 2) = 80000.0, (57, 1) = 16.88455926934673, (57, 2) = 80000.0, (58, 1) = 17.18542962211055, (58, 2) = 80000.0, (59, 1) = 17.474471840201005, (59, 2) = 80000.0, (60, 1) = 17.786934132663315, (60, 2) = 80000.0, (61, 1) = 18.084733353768844, (61, 2) = 80000.0, (62, 1) = 18.398153011055275, (62, 2) = 80000.0, (63, 1) = 18.681873274371856, (63, 2) = 80000.0, (64, 1) = 18.995437278391957, (64, 2) = 80000.0, (65, 1) = 19.295776953768843, (65, 2) = 80000.0, (66, 1) = 19.595385593969848, (66, 2) = 80000.0, (67, 1) = 19.908327979899497, (67, 2) = 80000.0, (68, 1) = 20.19655934170854, (68, 2) = 80000.0, (69, 1) = 20.491747682412058, (69, 2) = 80000.0, (70, 1) = 20.817670685427135, (70, 2) = 80000.0, (71, 1) = 21.112767268341706, (71, 2) = 80000.0, (72, 1) = 21.414558798994975, (72, 2) = 80000.0, (73, 1) = 21.7214730120603, (73, 2) = 80000.0, (74, 1) = 22.003586897487438, (74, 2) = 80000.0, (75, 1) = 22.304311163819094, (75, 2) = 80000.0, (76, 1) = 22.602746297487435, (76, 2) = 80000.0, (77, 1) = 22.92197912562814, (77, 2) = 80000.0, (78, 1) = 23.20368826733668, (78, 2) = 80000.0, (79, 1) = 23.528722136683413, (79, 2) = 80000.0, (80, 1) = 23.822040144723616, (80, 2) = 80000.0, (81, 1) = 24.112262981909545, (81, 2) = 80000.0, (82, 1) = 24.42434576683417, (82, 2) = 80000.0, (83, 1) = 24.73769099095477, (83, 2) = 80000.0, (84, 1) = 25.022788748743714, (84, 2) = 80000.0, (85, 1) = 25.325549903517587, (85, 2) = 80000.0, (86, 1) = 25.6210152, (86, 2) = 80000.0, (87, 1) = 25.94130269849246, (87, 2) = 80000.0, (88, 1) = 26.21844043417085, (88, 2) = 80000.0, (89, 1) = 26.536743198994973, (89, 2) = 80000.0, (90, 1) = 26.835964531658288, (90, 2) = 80000.0, (91, 1) = 27.13229571256281, (91, 2) = 80000.0, (92, 1) = 27.428862627135675, (92, 2) = 80000.0, (93, 1) = 27.73134210753769, (93, 2) = 80000.0, (94, 1) = 28.05196528944723, (94, 2) = 80000.0, (95, 1) = 28.345945350753766, (95, 2) = 80000.0, (96, 1) = 28.636141420100497, (96, 2) = 80000.0, (97, 1) = 28.946356242211053, (97, 2) = 80000.0, (98, 1) = 29.255895753768844, (98, 2) = 80000.0, (99, 1) = 29.53372584723618, (99, 2) = 80000.0, (100, 1) = 29.862835628140704, (100, 2) = 80000.0, (101, 1) = 30.138219431155775, (101, 2) = 80000.0, (102, 1) = 30.46031172060301, (102, 2) = 80000.0, (103, 1) = 30.767717608040197, (103, 2) = 80000.0, (104, 1) = 31.042194449246228, (104, 2) = 80000.0, (105, 1) = 31.350872363819093, (105, 2) = 80000.0, (106, 1) = 31.661596395979895, (106, 2) = 80000.0, (107, 1) = 31.970843611055276, (107, 2) = 80000.0, (108, 1) = 32.25755536582914, (108, 2) = 80000.0, (109, 1) = 32.55442878090452, (109, 2) = 80000.0, (110, 1) = 32.86145569145728, (110, 2) = 80000.0, (111, 1) = 33.16749796281407, (111, 2) = 80000.0, (112, 1) = 33.4823000562814, (112, 2) = 80000.0, (113, 1) = 33.759577911557784, (113, 2) = 80000.0, (114, 1) = 34.07172710351758, (114, 2) = 80000.0, (115, 1) = 34.38515801005025, (115, 2) = 80000.0, (116, 1) = 34.687206765829146, (116, 2) = 80000.0, (117, 1) = 34.96149597286432, (117, 2) = 80000.0, (118, 1) = 35.28765236984924, (118, 2) = 80000.0, (119, 1) = 35.563949620100495, (119, 2) = 80000.0, (120, 1) = 35.88534900603015, (120, 2) = 80000.0, (121, 1) = 36.16984192160804, (121, 2) = 80000.0, (122, 1) = 36.48197573969849, (122, 2) = 80000.0, (123, 1) = 36.77920094773869, (123, 2) = 80000.0, (124, 1) = 37.08932427135678, (124, 2) = 80000.0, (125, 1) = 37.37411429246231, (125, 2) = 80000.0, (126, 1) = 37.6812988040201, (126, 2) = 80000.0, (127, 1) = 38.00037717889447, (127, 2) = 80000.0, (128, 1) = 38.27813584221106, (128, 2) = 80000.0, (129, 1) = 38.5781228080402, (129, 2) = 80000.0, (130, 1) = 38.88803869748743, (130, 2) = 80000.0, (131, 1) = 39.191230932663316, (131, 2) = 80000.0, (132, 1) = 39.484585010050246, (132, 2) = 80000.0, (133, 1) = 39.81030469748743, (133, 2) = 80000.0, (134, 1) = 40.10297832361809, (134, 2) = 80000.0, (135, 1) = 40.41546988944723, (135, 2) = 80000.0, (136, 1) = 40.69863369346733, (136, 2) = 80000.0, (137, 1) = 41.008206524623105, (137, 2) = 80000.0, (138, 1) = 41.29949043316583, (138, 2) = 80000.0, (139, 1) = 41.60396604723618, (139, 2) = 80000.0, (140, 1) = 41.90164661306532, (140, 2) = 80000.0, (141, 1) = 42.213290577889445, (141, 2) = 80000.0, (142, 1) = 42.51344075577889, (142, 2) = 80000.0, (143, 1) = 42.8203876643216, (143, 2) = 80000.0, (144, 1) = 43.12479289748743, (144, 2) = 80000.0, (145, 1) = 43.404509692462305, (145, 2) = 80000.0, (146, 1) = 43.72509670552763, (146, 2) = 80000.0, (147, 1) = 44.01183355175879, (147, 2) = 80000.0, (148, 1) = 44.31755483517587, (148, 2) = 80000.0, (149, 1) = 44.610169112562815, (149, 2) = 80000.0, (150, 1) = 44.93507966231155, (150, 2) = 80000.0, (151, 1) = 45.21642832462311, (151, 2) = 80000.0, (152, 1) = 45.53576157286432, (152, 2) = 80000.0, (153, 1) = 45.826799161809035, (153, 2) = 80000.0, (154, 1) = 46.14514854572864, (154, 2) = 80000.0, (155, 1) = 46.41983022512562, (155, 2) = 80000.0, (156, 1) = 46.73266059497487, (156, 2) = 80000.0, (157, 1) = 47.03483928844221, (157, 2) = 80000.0, (158, 1) = 47.33682057587939, (158, 2) = 80000.0, (159, 1) = 47.63769092864321, (159, 2) = 80000.0, (160, 1) = 47.92673314673367, (160, 2) = 80000.0, (161, 1) = 48.23919543919598, (161, 2) = 80000.0, (162, 1) = 48.5369946603015, (162, 2) = 80000.0, (163, 1) = 48.85041431758794, (163, 2) = 80000.0, (164, 1) = 49.134134580904515, (164, 2) = 80000.0, (165, 1) = 49.447698584924616, (165, 2) = 80000.0, (166, 1) = 49.748038260301506, (166, 2) = 80000.0, (167, 1) = 50.047646900502514, (167, 2) = 80000.0, (168, 1) = 50.36058928643215, (168, 2) = 80000.0, (169, 1) = 50.6488206482412, (169, 2) = 80000.0, (170, 1) = 50.94400898894472, (170, 2) = 80000.0, (171, 1) = 51.26993199195979, (171, 2) = 80000.0, (172, 1) = 51.56502857487437, (172, 2) = 80000.0, (173, 1) = 51.86682010552764, (173, 2) = 80000.0, (174, 1) = 52.17373431859296, (174, 2) = 80000.0, (175, 1) = 52.4558482040201, (175, 2) = 80000.0, (176, 1) = 52.756572470351756, (176, 2) = 80000.0, (177, 1) = 53.0550076040201, (177, 2) = 80000.0, (178, 1) = 53.374240432160796, (178, 2) = 80000.0, (179, 1) = 53.65594957386934, (179, 2) = 80000.0, (180, 1) = 53.980983443216076, (180, 2) = 80000.0, (181, 1) = 54.27430145125628, (181, 2) = 80000.0, (182, 1) = 54.56452428844221, (182, 2) = 80000.0, (183, 1) = 54.876607073366834, (183, 2) = 80000.0, (184, 1) = 55.18995229748743, (184, 2) = 80000.0, (185, 1) = 55.47505005527638, (185, 2) = 80000.0, (186, 1) = 55.777811210050245, (186, 2) = 80000.0, (187, 1) = 56.07327650653266, (187, 2) = 80000.0, (188, 1) = 56.39356400502512, (188, 2) = 80000.0, (189, 1) = 56.67070174070351, (189, 2) = 80000.0, (190, 1) = 56.98900450552763, (190, 2) = 80000.0, (191, 1) = 57.288225838190954, (191, 2) = 80000.0, (192, 1) = 57.58455701909548, (192, 2) = 80000.0, (193, 1) = 57.881123933668334, (193, 2) = 80000.0, (194, 1) = 58.18360341407034, (194, 2) = 80000.0, (195, 1) = 58.504226595979894, (195, 2) = 80000.0, (196, 1) = 58.79820665728643, (196, 2) = 80000.0, (197, 1) = 59.08840272663316, (197, 2) = 80000.0, (198, 1) = 59.398617548743715, (198, 2) = 80000.0, (199, 1) = 59.708157060301495, (199, 2) = 80000.0, (200, 1) = 60.0, (200, 2) = 80000.0}, datatype = float[8])), COLOUR(RGB, .90196078, .90196078, .90196078), THICKNESS(0), AXESLABELS(x, ""), VIEW(0. .. 60., DEFAULT, _ATTRIBUTE("source" = "mathdefault")))

    (7)

    plots:-display(a3, b3, title = "Total Deaths \n (Linear scale)\n", titlefont = ["Helvetica", 18], size = [681, 400])

     

    My guess is it was Dr. Fauci's hope that it would only go to 60,000 but it was also his interpretation of the log graph.  It could start to round a peak at some point and it will eventually, however based on the way people behave in North America and there will apparently be no complete lockdown, in my humble opinion, that graph is going to keep on sailing well passed 100,000.

     

     

    NULL


     

    Download log_misinterpretation2.mw

    One of the forums asked a question: what is the maximum area of a triangle inscribed in a given ellipse x^2/16 + y^2/3 - 1 = 0? It turned out to be 9, but there are infinitely many such triangles. There was a desire to show them in one of the possible ways. This is a complete (as far as possible) set of such triangles.
    (This is not an example of Maple programming; it is just an implementation of a Maple-based algorithm and the work of the Optimization package).
    MAX_S_TRIAN_ANINATION.mw

    This app shows the modeling and simulation of DNA carried out entirely in Maple. The mathematical model is inserted through the combination of trigonometric functions. It shows the graphs of the curvature vs time for its interpretation. Made for engineering and health science students.

    MV_AC_R3_UNI_2020.mw

    Lenin Araujo Castillo

    Ambassador of Maple

     

     

    I have recently taken some questions about MaplePrimes reputation scores, and coincidentally, there was a discussion about it within MaplePrimes yesterday. I wanted to address these issues, and thought that doing so as a separate post made sense.

    Reputation was added back in 2010 as a mechanism to track how fellow users value your contributions, and I believe it has largely worked. It's become a great way to acknowledge the time and effort our members put into the community, and I know that many of you greatly value the scores that you have earned. I also know that it is never fun to see it drop, even by just a few points.

    To be clear, there are only two ways to lose reputation:

    • If someone upvoted your answer/reply and then later rescinded the upvote
    • If someone marked your answer as the "best" answer, and then later changed their vote to another answer

    This means you can only lose reputation points if someone undoes an action that gave you points in the first place. This is going to happen occasionally. For example, the user may have voted your answer “best”, but as the discussion continued, someone else posted a different solution that the user felt was even better. So you can expect to see small fluctuations from day to day, but the overall trend will be upward. 

    That said, members get understandably concerned when their reputation drops, and want to know why. We have always been able to track when reputation changed, but “why it changed” was obscured. Starting today, we have added enhanced logging for reputation shifts. This will allow us to better diagnose the causes when a member is concerned about a change to their reputation points. As well, in the very unlikely event that there is malicious behavior on MaplePrimes, this will give also us the data we need to take action to protect the community.  

    With the new features added to the Student[LinearAlgebra] package I wanted to go over some of the basics on how someone can do Linear Algebra in Maple without require them to do any programming.  I was recently asked about this and thought that the information may be useful to others.
     

    This post will be focussed towards new Maple users. I hope that this will be helpful to students using Maple for the first time and professors who want their students to use Maple without needing to spend time learning the language.
     

    In addition to the following post you can find a detailed video on using Maple to do Linear Algebra without programming here. You can also find some of the tools that are new to Maple 2020 for Linear Algebra here.

    The biggest tools you'll be using are the Matrix palette on the left of Maple, and the Context Panel on the right of Maple.

    First you should load the Student[LinearAlgebra] package by entering:

    with(Student[LinearAlgebra]);

    at the beginning of your document. If you end it with a colon rather than a semi colon it won't display the commands in the package.

    Use the Matrix Palette on the left to input Matrices:

     


    Once you have a Matrix you can use the context panel on the right to apply a variety of operations to it:

     


    The Student Linear Algebra Menu will give you many linear algebra commands.

     


    You can also access Maple's Tutors from the Tools Menu

    Tools > Tutors > Linear Algebra



    If you're interested in using the commands for Student[LinearAlegbra] in Maple you can view the help pages here or by entering:

    ?Student[LinearAlegbra]

    into Maple.

    I hope that this helps you get started using Maple for Linear Algebra.



    Maple_for_Beginners.mw

    Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
    Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

    Over the past weeks, we have spoken with many of our academic customers throughout the world, many of whom have decided to continue their academic years online. As you can imagine, this is a considerable challenge for instructors and students alike. Academia has quickly had to pivot to virtual classrooms, online testing and other collaborative technologies, while at the same time dealing with the stress and uncertainty that has resulted from this crisis.

    We have been working with our customers to help them through this time in a variety of ways, but we know that there are still classes and students out there who are having trouble getting all the resources they need to complete their school year. So starting today, Maple Student Edition is being made free for every student, anywhere in the world, until the end of June. It is our hope that this action will remove a barrier for instructors to complete their Maple-led math instruction, and will help make things a bit more simple for everyone.

    If you are a student, you can get your free copy of Maple here.

    In addition, many of you have asked us about the best way to work on your engineering projects from home and/or teaching and learning remotely during this global crisis. We have put together resources for both that you can use as a starting point, and I invite you to contact us if you have any questions, or are dealing with challenges of your own. We are here to support you, and will be very flexible as we work together through these uncertain times.

    I wish you all the best,

    Laurent
    President & CEO


    Vectors in Spherical Coordinates using Tensor Notation

    Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab1 and Pascal Szriftgiser2

    (2) Laboratoire PhLAM, UMR CNRS 8523, Université de Lille, F-59655, France

    (1) Maplesoft

     

    The following is a topic that appears frequently in formulations: given a 3D vector in spherical (or any curvilinear) coordinates, how do you represent and relate, in simple terms, the vector and the corresponding vectorial operations Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian using tensor notation?

     

    The core of the answer is in the relation between the - say physical - vector components and the more abstract tensor covariant and contravariant components. Focusing the case of a transformation from Cartesian to spherical coordinates, the presentation below starts establishing that relationship between 3D vector and tensor components in Sec.I. In Sec.II, we verify the transformation formulas for covariant and contravariant components on the computer using TransformCoordinates. In Sec.III, those tensor transformation formulas are used to derive the vectorial form of the Gradient in spherical coordinates. In Sec.IV, we switch to using full tensor notation, a curvilinear metric and covariant derivatives to derive the 3D vector analysis traditional formulas in spherical coordinates for the Divergence, Curl, Gradient and Laplacian. On the way, some useful technics, like changing variables in 3D vectorial expressions, differential operators, using Jacobians, and shortcut notations are shown.

     

    The computation below is reproducible in Maple 2020 using the Maplesoft Physics Updates v.640 or newer.

     

    Start setting the spacetime to be 3-dimensional, Euclidean, and use Cartesian coordinates

    with(Physics); with(Vectors)

    Setup(dimension = 3, coordinates = cartesian, g_ = `+`, spacetimeindices = lowercaselatin)

    `The dimension and signature of the tensor space are set to `[3, `+ + +`]

     

    `Default differentiation variables for d_, D_ and dAlembertian are:`*{X = (x, y, z)}

     

    `Systems of spacetime coordinates are:`*{X = (x, y, z)}

     

    _______________________________________________________

     

    `The Euclidean metric in coordinates `*[x, y, z]

     

    _______________________________________________________

     

    Physics:-g_[mu, nu] = Matrix(%id = 18446744078312229334)

     

    (`Defined Pauli sigma matrices (Psigma): `*sigma[1]*`, `*sigma[2]*`, `)*sigma[3]

     

    __________________________________________________

     

    _______________________________________________________

    (1)

    I. The line element in spherical coordinates and the scale-factors

     

     

    In vector calculus, at the root of everything there is the line element `#mover(mi("dr"),mo("→"))`, which in Cartesian coordinates has the simple form

    dr_ = _i*dx+_j*dy+_k*dz

    dr_ = _i*dx+_j*dy+_k*dz

    (1.1)

    To compute the line element  `#mover(mi("dr"),mo("→"))` in spherical coordinates, the starting point is the transformation

    tr := `~`[`=`]([X], ChangeCoordinates([X], spherical))

    [x = r*sin(theta)*cos(phi), y = r*sin(theta)*sin(phi), z = r*cos(theta)]

    (1.2)

    Coordinates(S = [r, theta, phi])

    `Systems of spacetime coordinates are:`*{S = (r, theta, phi), X = (x, y, z)}

    (1.3)

    Since in (dr_ = _i*dx+_j*dy+_k*dz)*[dx, dy, dz] are just symbols with no relationship to "[x,y,z],"start transforming these differentials using the chain rule, computing the Jacobian of the transformation (1.2). In this Jacobian J, the first line is "[(∂x)/(∂r)dr", "(∂x)/(∂theta)"`dθ`, "(∂x)/(∂phi)dphi]"

    J := VectorCalculus:-Jacobian(map(rhs, [x = r*sin(theta)*cos(phi), y = r*sin(theta)*sin(phi), z = r*cos(theta)]), [S])

     

    So in matrix notation,

    Vector([dx, dy, dz]) = J.Vector([dr, dtheta, dphi])

    Vector[column](%id = 18446744078518652550) = Vector[column](%id = 18446744078518652790)

    (1.4)

    To complete the computation of  `#mover(mi("dr"),mo("→"))` in spherical coordinates we can now use ChangeBasis , provided that next we substitute (1.4) in the result, expressing the abstract objects [dx, dy, dz] in terms of [dr, `dθ`, `dφ`].

     

    In two steps:

    lhs(dr_ = _i*dx+_j*dy+_k*dz) = ChangeBasis(rhs(dr_ = _i*dx+_j*dy+_k*dz), spherical)

    dr_ = (dx*sin(theta)*cos(phi)+dy*sin(theta)*sin(phi)+dz*cos(theta))*_r+(dx*cos(phi)*cos(theta)+dy*sin(phi)*cos(theta)-dz*sin(theta))*_theta+(cos(phi)*dy-sin(phi)*dx)*_phi

    (1.5)

    The line element

    "simplify(subs(convert(lhs(?) =~ rhs(?),set),dr_ = (dx*sin(theta)*cos(phi)+dy*sin(theta)*sin(phi)+dz*cos(theta))*_r+(dx*cos(phi)*cos(theta)+dy*sin(phi)*cos(theta)-dz*sin(theta))*_theta+(cos(phi)*dy-sin(phi)*dx)*_phi))"

    dr_ = _phi*dphi*r*sin(theta)+_theta*dtheta*r+_r*dr

    (1.6)

    This result is important: it gives us the so-called scale factors, the key that connect 3D vectors with the related covariant and contravariant tensors in curvilinear coordinates. The scale factors are computed from (1.6) by taking the scalar product with each of the unit vectors [`#mover(mi("r"),mo("∧"))`, `#mover(mi("θ",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("∧"))`, `#mover(mi("φ",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("∧"))`], then taking the coefficients of the differentials [dr, `dθ`, `dφ`] (just substitute them by the number 1)

    h := subs(`~`[`=`]([dr, `dθ`, `dφ`], 1), [seq(rhs(dr_ = _phi*dphi*r*sin(theta)+_theta*dtheta*r+_r*dr).q, q = [`#mover(mi("r"),mo("∧"))`, `#mover(mi("θ",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("∧"))`, `#mover(mi("φ",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("∧"))`])])

    [1, r, r*sin(theta)]

    (1.7)

    The scale factors are relevant because the components of the 3D vector and the corresponding tensor are not the same in curvilinear coordinates. For instance, representing the differential of the coordinates as the tensor dS^j = [dr, `dθ`, `dφ`], we see that corresponding vector, the line element in spherical coordinates `#mover(mi("dS"),mo("→"))`, is not  constructed by directly equating its components to the components of dS^j = [dr, `dθ`, `dφ`], so  

     

     `#mover(mi("dS"),mo("&rarr;"))` <> `d&phi;`*`#mover(mi("&phi;",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("&and;"))`+dr*`#mover(mi("r"),mo("&and;"))`+`d&theta;`*`#mover(mi("&theta;",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("&and;"))` 

     

    The vector `#mover(mi("dS"),mo("&rarr;"))` is constructed multiplying these contravariant components [dr, `d&theta;`, `d&phi;`] by the scaling factors, as

     

     `#mover(mi("dS"),mo("&rarr;"))` = `d&phi;`*`h__&phi;`*`#mover(mi("&phi;",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("&and;"))`+dr*h__r*`#mover(mi("r"),mo("&and;"))`+`d&theta;`*`h__&theta;`*`#mover(mi("&theta;",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("&and;"))` 

     

    This rule applies in general. The vectorial components of a 3D vector in an orthogonal system (curvilinear or not) are always expressed in terms of the contravariant components A^j the same way we did in the line above with the line element, using the scale-factors h__j, so that

     

     `#mover(mi("A"),mo("&rarr;"))` = Sum(h[j]*A^j*`#mover(mi("\`e__j\`"),mo("&circ;"))`, j = 1 .. 3)

     

    where on the right-hand side we see the contravariant components "A[]^(j)" and the scale-factors h[j]. Because the system is orthogonal, each vector component `#msub(mi("A",fontstyle = "normal"),mfenced(mi("j")))`satisfies

    A__j = h[j]*A[`~j`]

     

    The scale-factors h[j] do not constitute a tensor, so on the right-hand side we do not sum over j.  Also, from

     

    LinearAlgebra[Norm](`#mover(mi("A"),mo("&rarr;"))`) = A[j]*A[`~j`]

    it follows that,

    A__j = A__j/h__j

    where on the right-hand side we now have the covariant tensor components A__j.

     

    • 

    This relationship between the components of a 3D vector and the contravariant and covariant components of a tensor representing the vector is key to translate vector-component to corresponding tensor-component formulas.

     

    II. Transformation of contravariant and covariant tensors

     

     

    Define here two representations for one and the same tensor: A__c will represent A in Cartesian coordinates, while A__s will represent A in spherical coordinates.

    Define(A__c[j], A__s[j])

    `Defined objects with tensor properties`

     

    {A__c[j], A__s[j], Physics:-Dgamma[a], Physics:-Psigma[a], Physics:-d_[a], Physics:-g_[a, b], Physics:-LeviCivita[a, b, c], Physics:-SpaceTimeVector[a](S), Physics:-SpaceTimeVector[a](X)}

    (2.1)

    Transformation rule for a contravariant tensor

     

    We know, by definition, that the transformation rule for the components of a contravariant tensor is `#mrow(msup(mi("A"),mi("&mu;",fontstyle = "normal")),mo("&ApplyFunction;"),mfenced(mi("y")),mo("&equals;"),mfrac(mrow(mo("&PartialD;"),msup(mi("y"),mi("&mu;",fontstyle = "normal"))),mrow(mo("&PartialD;"),msup(mi("x"),mi("&nu;",fontstyle = "normal"))),linethickness = "1"),mo("&InvisibleTimes;"),mo("&InvisibleTimes;"),msup(mi("A"),mi("&nu;",fontstyle = "normal")),mfenced(mi("x")))`, that is the same as the rule for the differential of the coordinates. Then, the transformation rule from "`A__c`[]^(j)" to "`A__s`[]^(j)"computed using TransformCoordinates should give the same relation (1.4). The application of the command, however, requires attention, because, as in (1.4), we want the Cartesian (not the spherical) components isolated. That is like performing a reversed transformation. So we will use

     

    "TensorArray(`A__c`[]^(j))=TransformCoordinates(tr,`A__s`[]^(j),[X],[S])"

    where on the left-hand side we get, isolated, the three components of A in Cartesian coordinates, and on the right-hand side we transform the spherical components "`A__c`[]^(j)", from spherical S = (r, theta, phi) (4th argument) to Cartesian X = (x, y, z) (3rd argument), which according to the 5th bullet of TransformCoordinates  will result in a transformation expressed in terms of the old coordinates (here the spherical [S]). Expand things to make the comparison with (1.4) possible by eye

     

    Vector[column](TensorArray(A__c[`~j`])) = TransformCoordinates(tr, A__s[`~j`], [X], [S], simplifier = expand)

    Vector[column](%id = 18446744078459463070) = Vector[column](%id = 18446744078459463550)

    (2.2)

    We see that the transformation rule for a contravariant vector "`A__c`[]^(j)"is, indeed, as the transformation (1.4) for the differential of the coordinates.

    Transformation rule for a covariant tensor

     

    For the transformation rule for the components of a covariant tensor A__c[j], we know, by definition, that it is `#mrow(msub(mi("A"),mi("&mu;",fontstyle = "normal")),mo("&ApplyFunction;"),mfenced(mi("y")),mo("&equals;"),mfrac(mrow(mo("&PartialD;"),msup(mi("x"),mi("&nu;",fontstyle = "normal"))),mrow(mo("&PartialD;"),msup(mi("y"),mi("&mu;",fontstyle = "normal"))),linethickness = "1"),mo("&InvisibleTimes;"),mo("&InvisibleTimes;"),msub(mi("A"),mi("&nu;",fontstyle = "normal")),mfenced(mi("x")))`, so the same transformation rule for the gradient [`&PartialD;`[x], `&PartialD;`[y], `&PartialD;`[z]], where `&PartialD;`[x] = (proc (u) options operator, arrow; diff(u, x) end proc) and so on. We can experiment this by directly changing variables in the differential operators [`&PartialD;`[x], `&PartialD;`[y], `&PartialD;`[z]], for example

    d_[x] = PDEtools:-dchange(tr, proc (u) options operator, arrow; diff(u, x) end proc, simplify)

    Physics:-d_[x] = (proc (u) options operator, arrow; ((-r*cos(theta)^2+r)*cos(phi)*(diff(u, r))+sin(theta)*cos(phi)*cos(theta)*(diff(u, theta))-(diff(u, phi))*sin(phi))/(r*sin(theta)) end proc)

    (2.3)

    This result, and the equivalent ones replacing x by y or z in the input above can be computed in one go, in matricial and simplified form, using the Jacobian of the transformation computed in . We need to take the transpose of the inverse of J (because now we are transforming the components of the gradient   [`&PartialD;`[x], `&PartialD;`[y], `&PartialD;`[z]])

    H := simplify(LinearAlgebra:-Transpose(1/J))

    Vector([d_[x], d_[y], d_[z]]) = H.Vector([d_[r], d_[theta], d_[phi]])

    Vector[column](%id = 18446744078518933014) = Vector[column](%id = 18446744078518933254)

    (2.4)

    The corresponding transformation equations relating the tensors A__c and A__s in Cartesian and spherical coordinates is computed with TransformCoordinates  as in (2.2), just lowering the indices on the left and right hand sides (i.e., remove the tilde ~)

    Vector[column](TensorArray(A__c[j])) = TransformCoordinates(tr, A__s[j], [X], [r, theta, phi], simplifier = expand)

    Vector[column](%id = 18446744078557373854) = Vector[column](%id = 18446744078557374334)

    (2.5)

    We see that the transformation rule for a covariant vector A__c[j] is, indeed, as the transformation rule (2.4) for the gradient.

     

    To the side: once it is understood how to compute these transformation rules, we can have the inverse of (2.5) as follows

    Vector[column](TensorArray(A__s[j])) = TransformCoordinates(tr, A__c[j], [S], [X], simplifier = expand)

    Vector[column](%id = 18446744078557355894) = Vector[column](%id = 18446744078557348198)

    (2.6)

    III. Deriving the transformation rule for the Gradient using TransformCoordinates

     

     

    Turn ON the CompactDisplay  notation for derivatives, so that the differentiation variable is displayed as an index:

    ON


    The gradient of a function f in Cartesian coordinates and spherical coordinates is respectively given by

    (%Nabla = Nabla)(f(X))

    %Nabla(f(X)) = (diff(f(X), x))*_i+(diff(f(X), y))*_j+(diff(f(X), z))*_k

    (3.1)

    (%Nabla = Nabla)(f(S))

    %Nabla(f(S)) = (diff(f(S), r))*_r+(diff(f(S), theta))*_theta/r+(diff(f(S), phi))*_phi/(r*sin(theta))

    (3.2)

    What we want now is to depart from (3.1) in Cartesian coordinates and obtain (3.2) in spherical coordinates using the transformation rule for a covariant tensor computed with TransformCoordinates in (2.5). (An equivalent derivation, simpler and with less steps is done in Sec. IV.)

     

    Start changing the vector basis in the gradient (3.1)

    lhs(%Nabla(f(X)) = (diff(f(X), x))*_i+(diff(f(X), y))*_j+(diff(f(X), z))*_k) = ChangeBasis(rhs(%Nabla(f(X)) = (diff(f(X), x))*_i+(diff(f(X), y))*_j+(diff(f(X), z))*_k), spherical)

    %Nabla(f(X)) = ((diff(f(X), x))*sin(theta)*cos(phi)+(diff(f(X), y))*sin(theta)*sin(phi)+(diff(f(X), z))*cos(theta))*_r+((diff(f(X), x))*cos(phi)*cos(theta)+(diff(f(X), y))*sin(phi)*cos(theta)-(diff(f(X), z))*sin(theta))*_theta+(-(diff(f(X), x))*sin(phi)+cos(phi)*(diff(f(X), y)))*_phi

    (3.3)

    By eye, we see that in this result the coefficients of [`#mover(mi("r"),mo("&and;"))`, `#mover(mi("&theta;",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("&and;"))`, `#mover(mi("&phi;",fontstyle = "normal"),mo("&and;"))`] are the three lines in the right-hand side of (2.6) after replacing the covariant components A__j by the derivatives of f with respect to the jth coordinate, here displayed using indexed notation due to using CompactDisplay

    `~`[`=`]([A__s[1], A__s[2], A__s[3]], [diff(f(S), r), diff(f(S), theta), diff(f(S), phi)])

    [A__s[1] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(S), r), A__s[2] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(S), theta), A__s[3] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(S), phi)]

    (3.4)

    `~`[`=`]([A__c[1], A__c[2], A__c[3]], [diff(f(X), x), diff(f(X), y), diff(f(X), z)])

    [A__c[1] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(X), x), A__c[2] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(X), y), A__c[3] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(X), z)]

    (3.5)

    So since (2.5) is the inverse of (2.6), replace A by ∂ f in (2.5), the formula computed using TransformCoordinates, then insert the result in (3.3) to relate the gradient in Cartesian and spherical coordinates. We expect to arrive at the formula for the gradient in spherical coordinates (3.2) .

    "subs([A__s[1] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(S),r), A__s[2] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(S),theta), A__s[3] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(S),phi)],[A__c[1] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(X),x), A__c[2] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(X),y), A__c[3] = Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(X),z)],?)"

    Vector[column](%id = 18446744078344866862) = Vector[column](%id = 18446744078344866742)

    (3.6)

    "subs(convert(lhs(?) =~ rhs(?),set),%Nabla(f(X)) = (diff(f(X),x)*sin(theta)*cos(phi)+diff(f(X),y)*sin(theta)*sin(phi)+diff(f(X),z)*cos(theta))*_r+(diff(f(X),x)*cos(phi)*cos(theta)+diff(f(X),y)*sin(phi)*cos(theta)-diff(f(X),z)*sin(theta))*_theta+(-diff(f(X),x)*sin(phi)+cos(phi)*diff(f(X),y))*_phi)"

    %Nabla(f(X)) = ((sin(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r-sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(theta)*cos(phi)+(sin(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r+cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(theta)*sin(phi)+(cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), r))-sin(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r)*cos(theta))*_r+((sin(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r-sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*cos(phi)*cos(theta)+(sin(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r+cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(phi)*cos(theta)-(cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), r))-sin(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r)*sin(theta))*_theta+(-(sin(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r-sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(phi)+cos(phi)*(sin(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r+cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta))))*_phi

    (3.7)

    Simplifying, we arrive at (3.2)

    (lhs = `@`(`@`(expand, simplify), rhs))(%Nabla(f(X)) = ((sin(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r-sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(theta)*cos(phi)+(sin(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r+cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(theta)*sin(phi)+(cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), r))-sin(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r)*cos(theta))*_r+((sin(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r-sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*cos(phi)*cos(theta)+(sin(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r+cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(phi)*cos(theta)-(cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), r))-sin(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r)*sin(theta))*_theta+(-(sin(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r-sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))*sin(phi)+cos(phi)*(sin(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), r))+cos(theta)*sin(phi)*(diff(f(S), theta))/r+cos(phi)*(diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta))))*_phi)

    %Nabla(f(X)) = (diff(f(S), r))*_r+(diff(f(S), theta))*_theta/r+(diff(f(S), phi))*_phi/(r*sin(theta))

    (3.8)

    %Nabla(f(S)) = (diff(f(S), r))*_r+(diff(f(S), theta))*_theta/r+(diff(f(S), phi))*_phi/(r*sin(theta))

    %Nabla(f(S)) = (diff(f(S), r))*_r+(diff(f(S), theta))*_theta/r+(diff(f(S), phi))*_phi/(r*sin(theta))

    (3.9)

    IV. Deriving the transformation rule for the Divergence, Curl, Gradient and Laplacian, using TransformCoordinates and Covariant derivatives

     

     

    • 

    The Divergence

     

    Introducing the vector A in spherical coordinates, its Divergence is given by

    A__s_ := A__r(S)*_r+`A__&theta;`(S)*_theta+`A__&phi;`(S)*_phi

    A__r(S)*_r+`A__&theta;`(S)*_theta+`A__&phi;`(S)*_phi

    (4.1)

    CompactDisplay(%)

    ` A__r`(S)*`will now be displayed as`*A__r

     

    ` A__&phi;`(S)*`will now be displayed as`*`A__&phi;`

     

    ` A__&theta;`(S)*`will now be displayed as`*`A__&theta;`

    (4.2)

    %Divergence(%A__s_) = Divergence(A__s_)

    %Divergence(%A__s_) = ((diff(A__r(S), r))*r+2*A__r(S))/r+((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), theta))*sin(theta)+`A__&theta;`(S)*cos(theta))/(r*sin(theta))+(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta))

    (4.3)

    We want to see how this result, (4.3), can be obtained using TransformCoordinates and departing from a tensorial representation of the object, this time the covariant derivative "`&dtri;`[j](`A__s`[]^(j))". For that purpose, we first transform the coordinates and the metric introducing nonzero Christoffel symbols

    TransformCoordinates(tr, g_[j, k], [S], setmetric)

    `Systems of spacetime coordinates are:`*{S = (r, theta, phi), X = (x, y, z)}

     

    `Changing the differentiation variables used to compute the Christoffel symbols from `[x, y, z]*` to `[r, theta, phi]*` while the spacetime metric depends on `[r, theta]

     

    `Default differentiation variables for d_, D_ and dAlembertian are:`*{S = (r, theta, phi)}

     

    _______________________________________________________

     

    `Coordinates: `[r, theta, phi]*`. Signature: `(`+ + -`)

     

    _______________________________________________________

     

    Physics:-g_[a, b] = Matrix(%id = 18446744078312216446)

     

    _______________________________________________________

     

    `Setting `*greek*` letters to represent `*space*` indices`

    (4.4)

    To the side: despite having nonzero Christoffel symbols, the space still has no curvature, all the components of the Riemann tensor are equal to zero

    Riemann[nonzero]

    Physics:-Riemann[a, b, c, d] = {}

    (4.5)

    Consider now the divergence of the contravariant "`A__s`[]^(j)"tensor, computed in tensor notation

    CompactDisplay(A__s(S))

    ` A__s`(S)*`will now be displayed as`*A__s

    (4.6)

    D_[j](A__s[`~j`](S))

    Physics:-D_[j](A__s[`~j`](S), [S])

    (4.7)

    To the side: the covariant derivative  expressed using the D_  operator can be rewritten in terms of the non-covariant d_  and Christoffel  symbols as follows

    D_[j](A__s[`~j`](S), [S]) = convert(D_[j](A__s[`~j`](S), [S]), d_)

    Physics:-D_[j](A__s[`~j`](S), [S]) = Physics:-d_[j](A__s[`~j`](S), [S])+Physics:-Christoffel[`~j`, a, j]*A__s[`~a`](S)

    (4.8)

    Summing over the repeated indices in (4.7), we have

    %D_[j](%A__s[`~j`]) = SumOverRepeatedIndices(D_[j](A__s[`~j`](S), [S]))

    %D_[j](%A__s[`~j`]) = diff(A__s[`~1`](S), r)+diff(A__s[`~2`](S), theta)+diff(A__s[`~3`](S), phi)+2*A__s[`~1`](S)/r+cos(theta)*A__s[`~2`](S)/sin(theta)

    (4.9)

    How is this related to the expression of the VectorCalculus[Nabla].`#mover(mi("\`A__s\`"),mo("&rarr;"))` in (4.3) ? The answer is in the relationship established at the end of Sec I between the components of the tensor "`A__s`[]^(j)"and the components of the vector `#mover(mi("\`A__s\`"),mo("&rarr;"))`, namely that the vector components are obtained multiplying the contravariant tensor components by the scale-factors h__j. So, in the above we need to substitute the contravariant "`A__s`[]^(j)" by the vector components A__j divided by the scale-factors

    [seq(A__s[Library:-Contravariant(j)](S) = Component(A__s_, j)/h[j], j = 1 .. 3)]

    [A__s[`~1`](S) = A__r(S), A__s[`~2`](S) = `A__&theta;`(S)/r, A__s[`~3`](S) = `A__&phi;`(S)/(r*sin(theta))]

    (4.10)

    subs[eval]([A__s[`~1`](S) = A__r(S), A__s[`~2`](S) = `A__&theta;`(S)/r, A__s[`~3`](S) = `A__&phi;`(S)/(r*sin(theta))], %D_[j](%A__s[`~j`]) = diff(A__s[`~1`](S), r)+diff(A__s[`~2`](S), theta)+diff(A__s[`~3`](S), phi)+2*A__s[`~1`](S)/r+cos(theta)*A__s[`~2`](S)/sin(theta))

    %D_[j](%A__s[`~j`]) = diff(A__r(S), r)+(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), theta))/r+(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta))+2*A__r(S)/r+cos(theta)*`A__&theta;`(S)/(sin(theta)*r)

    (4.11)

    Comparing with (4.3), we see these two expressions are the same:

    expand(%Divergence(%A__s_) = ((diff(A__r(S), r))*r+2*A__r(S))/r+((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), theta))*sin(theta)+`A__&theta;`(S)*cos(theta))/(r*sin(theta))+(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta)))

    %Divergence(%A__s_) = diff(A__r(S), r)+(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), theta))/r+(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta))+2*A__r(S)/r+cos(theta)*`A__&theta;`(S)/(sin(theta)*r)

    (4.12)
    • 

    The Curl

     

    The Curl of the the vector `#mover(mi("\`A__s\`"),mo("&rarr;"))` in spherical coordinates is given by

    %Curl(%A__s_) = Curl(A__s_)

    %Curl(%A__s_) = ((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), theta))*sin(theta)+`A__&phi;`(S)*cos(theta)-(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), phi)))*_r/(r*sin(theta))+(diff(A__r(S), phi)-(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), r))*r*sin(theta)-`A__&phi;`(S)*sin(theta))*_theta/(r*sin(theta))+((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), r))*r+`A__&theta;`(S)-(diff(A__r(S), theta)))*_phi/r

    (4.13)

     

    One could think that the expression for the Curl in tensor notation is as in a non-curvilinear system

     

    "`&epsilon;`[i,j,k] `&dtri;`[]^(j)(`A__s`[]^(k))"

     

    But in a curvilinear system `&epsilon;`[i, j, k] is not a tensor, we need to use the non-Galilean form Epsilon[i, j, k] = sqrt(%g_[determinant])*`&epsilon;`[i, j, k], where %g_[determinant] is the determinant of the metric. Moreover, since the expression "Epsilon[i,j,k] `&dtri;`[]^(j)(`A__s`[]^(k))"has one free covariant index (the first one), to compare with the vectorial formula (4.12) this index also needs to be rewritten as a vector component as discussed at the end of Sec. I, using

    A__j = A__j/h__j

    The formula (4.13) for the vectorial Curl is thus expressed using tensor notation as

    Setup(levicivita = nongalilean)

    [levicivita = nongalilean]

    (4.14)

    %Curl(%A__s_) = LeviCivita[i, j, k]*D_[`~j`](A__s[`~k`](S))/%h[i]

    %Curl(%A__s_) = Physics:-LeviCivita[i, j, k]*Physics:-D_[`~j`](A__s[`~k`](S), [S])/%h[i]

    (4.15)

    followed by replacing the contravariant tensor components "`A__s`[]^(k)" by the vector components A__k/h__k using (4.10). Proceeding the same way we did with the Divergence, expand this expression. We could use TensorArray , but Library:-TensorComponents places a comma between components making things more readable in this case

    lhs(%Curl(%A__s_) = Physics[LeviCivita][i, j, k]*D_[`~j`](A__s[`~k`](S), [S])/%h[i]) = Library:-TensorComponents(rhs(%Curl(%A__s_) = Physics[LeviCivita][i, j, k]*D_[`~j`](A__s[`~k`](S), [S])/%h[i]))

    %Curl(%A__s_) = [(sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~3`](S), theta))*r^2+2*sin(theta)^2*cos(theta)*A__s[`~3`](S)*r^2-(diff(A__s[`~2`](S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(%h[1]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~3`](S), r))*r^4-2*sin(theta)^3*A__s[`~3`](S)*r^3+(diff(A__s[`~1`](S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(%h[2]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~2`](S), r))*r^4+2*sin(theta)^3*A__s[`~2`](S)*r^3-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~1`](S), theta))*r^2)/(%h[3]*sin(theta)^2*r^2)]

    (4.16)

    Replace now the components of the tensor "`A__s`[]^(j)" by the components of the 3D vector `#mover(mi("\`A__s\`"),mo("&rarr;"))` using (4.10)

    lhs(%Curl(%A__s_) = [(sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~3`](S), theta))*r^2+2*sin(theta)^2*cos(theta)*A__s[`~3`](S)*r^2-(diff(A__s[`~2`](S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(%h[1]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~3`](S), r))*r^4-2*sin(theta)^3*A__s[`~3`](S)*r^3+(diff(A__s[`~1`](S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(%h[2]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~2`](S), r))*r^4+2*sin(theta)^3*A__s[`~2`](S)*r^3-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~1`](S), theta))*r^2)/(%h[3]*sin(theta)^2*r^2)]) = value(subs[eval]([A__s[`~1`](S) = A__r(S), A__s[`~2`](S) = `A__&theta;`(S)/r, A__s[`~3`](S) = `A__&phi;`(S)/(r*sin(theta))], rhs(%Curl(%A__s_) = [(sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~3`](S), theta))*r^2+2*sin(theta)^2*cos(theta)*A__s[`~3`](S)*r^2-(diff(A__s[`~2`](S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(%h[1]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~3`](S), r))*r^4-2*sin(theta)^3*A__s[`~3`](S)*r^3+(diff(A__s[`~1`](S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(%h[2]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~2`](S), r))*r^4+2*sin(theta)^3*A__s[`~2`](S)*r^3-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__s[`~1`](S), theta))*r^2)/(%h[3]*sin(theta)^2*r^2)])))

    %Curl(%A__s_) = [(sin(theta)^3*((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), theta))/(r*sin(theta))-`A__&phi;`(S)*cos(theta)/(r*sin(theta)^2))*r^2+2*sin(theta)*cos(theta)*`A__&phi;`(S)*r-(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), phi))*r*sin(theta))/(h[1]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (-sin(theta)^3*((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), r))/(r*sin(theta))-`A__&phi;`(S)/(r^2*sin(theta)))*r^4-2*sin(theta)^2*`A__&phi;`(S)*r^2+(diff(A__r(S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(h[2]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (sin(theta)^3*((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), r))/r-`A__&theta;`(S)/r^2)*r^4+2*sin(theta)^3*`A__&theta;`(S)*r^2-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__r(S), theta))*r^2)/(h[3]*sin(theta)^2*r^2)]

    (4.17)

    (lhs = `@`(simplify, rhs))(%Curl(%A__s_) = [(sin(theta)^3*((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), theta))/(r*sin(theta))-`A__&phi;`(S)*cos(theta)/(r*sin(theta)^2))*r^2+2*sin(theta)*cos(theta)*`A__&phi;`(S)*r-(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), phi))*r*sin(theta))/(h[1]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (-sin(theta)^3*((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), r))/(r*sin(theta))-`A__&phi;`(S)/(r^2*sin(theta)))*r^4-2*sin(theta)^2*`A__&phi;`(S)*r^2+(diff(A__r(S), phi))*sin(theta)*r^2)/(h[2]*sin(theta)^2*r^2), (sin(theta)^3*((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), r))/r-`A__&theta;`(S)/r^2)*r^4+2*sin(theta)^3*`A__&theta;`(S)*r^2-sin(theta)^3*(diff(A__r(S), theta))*r^2)/(h[3]*sin(theta)^2*r^2)])

    %Curl(%A__s_) = [((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), theta))*sin(theta)+`A__&phi;`(S)*cos(theta)-(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), phi)))/(r*sin(theta)), (diff(A__r(S), phi)-(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), r))*r*sin(theta)-`A__&phi;`(S)*sin(theta))/(r*sin(theta)), ((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), r))*r+`A__&theta;`(S)-(diff(A__r(S), theta)))/r]

    (4.18)

    We see these are exactly the components of the Curl (4.13)

    %Curl(%A__s_) = ((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), theta))*sin(theta)+`A__&phi;`(S)*cos(theta)-(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), phi)))*_r/(r*sin(theta))+(diff(A__r(S), phi)-(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), r))*r*sin(theta)-`A__&phi;`(S)*sin(theta))*_theta/(r*sin(theta))+((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), r))*r+`A__&theta;`(S)-(diff(A__r(S), theta)))*_phi/r

    %Curl(%A__s_) = ((diff(`A__&phi;`(S), theta))*sin(theta)+`A__&phi;`(S)*cos(theta)-(diff(`A__&theta;`(S), phi)))*_r/(r*sin(theta))+(diff(A__r(S), phi)-(diff(`A__&phi;`(S), r))*r*sin(theta)-`A__&phi;`(S)*sin(theta))*_theta/(r*sin(theta))+((diff(`A__&theta;`(S), r))*r+`A__&theta;`(S)-(diff(A__r(S), theta)))*_phi/r

    (4.19)
    • 

    The Gradient

     

    Once the problem is fully understood, it is easy to redo the computations of Sec.III for the Gradient, this time using tensor notation and the covariant derivative. In tensor notation, the components of the Gradient are given by the components of the right-hand side

    %Nabla(f(S)) = `&dtri;`[j](f(S))/%h[j]

    %Nabla(f(S)) = Physics:-d_[j](f(S), [S])/%h[j]

    (4.20)

    where on the left-hand side we have the vectorial Nabla  differential operator and on the right-hand side, since f(S) is a scalar, the covariant derivative `&dtri;`[j](f) becomes the standard derivative `&PartialD;`[j](f).

    lhs(%Nabla(f(S)) = Physics[d_][j](f(S), [S])/%h[j]) = eval(value(Library:-TensorComponents(rhs(%Nabla(f(S)) = Physics[d_][j](f(S), [S])/%h[j]))))

    %Nabla(f(S)) = [Physics:-Vectors:-diff(f(S), r), (diff(f(S), theta))/r, (diff(f(S), phi))/(r*sin(theta))]

    (4.21)

    The above is the expected result (3.2)

    %Nabla(f(S)) = (diff(f(S), r))*_r+(diff(f(S), theta))*_theta/r+(diff(f(S), phi))*_phi/(r*sin(theta))

    %Nabla(f(S)) = (diff(f(S), r))*_r+(diff(f(S), theta))*_theta/r+(diff(f(S), phi))*_phi/(r*sin(theta))

    (4.22)
    • 

    The Laplacian

     

    Likewise we can compute the Laplacian directly as

    %Laplacian(f(S)) = D_[j](D_[j](f(S)))

    %Laplacian(f(S)) = Physics:-D_[j](Physics:-d_[`~j`](f(S), [S]), [S])

    (4.23)

    In this case there are no free indices nor tensor components to be rewritten as vector components, so there is no need for scale-factors. Summing over the repeated indices,

    SumOverRepeatedIndices(%Laplacian(f(S)) = D_[j](Physics[d_][`~j`](f(S), [S]), [S]))

    %Laplacian(f(S)) = Physics:-dAlembertian(f(S), [S])+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2)

    (4.24)

    Evaluating the  Vectors:-Laplacian on the left-hand side,

    value(%Laplacian(f(S)) = Physics[dAlembertian](f(S), [S])+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2))

    ((diff(diff(f(S), r), r))*r+2*(diff(f(S), r)))/r+((diff(diff(f(S), theta), theta))*sin(theta)+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta)))/(r^2*sin(theta))+(diff(diff(f(S), phi), phi))/(r^2*sin(theta)^2) = Physics:-dAlembertian(f(S), [S])+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2)

    (4.25)

    On the right-hand side we see the dAlembertian , "`&square;`(f(S)),"in curvilinear coordinates; rewrite it using standard diff  derivatives and expand both sides of the equation for comparison

    expand(convert(((diff(diff(f(S), r), r))*r+2*(diff(f(S), r)))/r+((diff(diff(f(S), theta), theta))*sin(theta)+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta)))/(r^2*sin(theta))+(diff(diff(f(S), phi), phi))/(r^2*sin(theta)^2) = Physics[dAlembertian](f(S), [S])+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2), diff))

    diff(diff(f(S), r), r)+(diff(diff(f(S), theta), theta))/r^2+(diff(diff(f(S), phi), phi))/(r^2*sin(theta)^2)+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2) = diff(diff(f(S), r), r)+(diff(diff(f(S), theta), theta))/r^2+(diff(diff(f(S), phi), phi))/(r^2*sin(theta)^2)+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2)

    (4.26)

    This is an identity, the left and right hand sides are equal:

    evalb(diff(diff(f(S), r), r)+(diff(diff(f(S), theta), theta))/r^2+(diff(diff(f(S), phi), phi))/(r^2*sin(theta)^2)+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2) = diff(diff(f(S), r), r)+(diff(diff(f(S), theta), theta))/r^2+(diff(diff(f(S), phi), phi))/(r^2*sin(theta)^2)+2*(diff(f(S), r))/r+cos(theta)*(diff(f(S), theta))/(sin(theta)*r^2))

    true

    (4.27)


     

    Download Vectors_and_Spherical_coordinates_in_tensor_notation.mw

    Edgardo S. Cheb-Terrab
    Physics, Differential Equations and Mathematical Functions, Maplesoft

    A way of cutting holes on an implicit plot. This is from the field of numerical parameterization of surfaces. On the example of the surface  x3 = 0.01*exp (x1) / (0.01 + x1^4 + x2^4 + x3^4)  consider the approach to producing holes. The surface is locally parameterized in some suitable way and the place for the hole and its size are selected. In the first example, the parametrization is performed on the basis of the section of the initial surface by perpendicular planes. In the second example, "round"  parametrization. It is made on the basis of the cylinder and the planes passing through its axis. Holes can be of any size and any shape. In the figures, the cut out surface sections are colored green and are located above their own holes at an equidistant to the original surface.
    HOLE_1.mwHOLE_2.mw

    Hi, 

    The present work is aimed to show how bayesian inference methods can be used to infer (= to assess) the probabilility that a person detected infected by the SARS-Cov2  has to die (remark I did not write "has to die if it" because one never be sure of the reason of the death).
    A lot of details are avaliable in the attached pdf file (I tried to be pedagogic enough so that the people not familiar with bayesian inference can get a global understanding of the subject, many links are provided for quick access to the different notions).

    In particular, I explain why simple mathematics cannot provide a reliable estimate of this probability of death (sometimes referred to as the "death rate") as long as the epidemic continues to spread.

    Even if the approach presented here is rather original, this is not the purpose of this post. 
    Since a long time I had in mind to post here an application concerning bayesian methods. The CoVid19 outbreak has only provided me with the most high-profile topic to do so.
    I will say no more about the inference procedure itself (all the material is given in the attached pdf file) and I will only concentrate on the MAPLE implementation of the solution algorithm.

    Bayesian Inference uses generally simple algorithms such as MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) or ABC (Approximate Bayesian Computation) to mention a few, and their corresponding pseudo code writes generally upon a few tens of lines.
    This is something I already done with other languages but I found the task comparatively more difficult with Maple. Probably I was to obsess not to code in Maple as you code in Matlab or R for instance.
    At the very end the code I wrote is rather slow, this because of the allocated memory size it uses.
    In a question I posed weeks ago (How can I prevent the creation of random variables...) Preben gave a solution to limit the burst of the memory: the trick works well but I'm still stuked with memory size problems (Acer also poposed a solution but I wasn't capable to make it works... maybe I was too lazzy to modify deeply my code).

    Anyway, the code is there, in case anyone would like to take up the challenge to make it more efficient (in which case I'll take it).

    Note 1: this code contains a small "Maplet" to help you choose any country in the data file on which you would like to run the inference.
    Note 2: Be careful: doing statistics, even bayesian statistics, needs enough data: some countries have history records ranging over a few days , or no recorded death at all; infering something from so loos date will probably be disappointing

    The attached files:

    • The pdf file is the "companion document" where all or most of it is explained.It has been written a few days ago for another purpose and the results it presents were not ontained from the lattest data (march 21, 2020 coronavirus)
    • xls files are data files, they were loaded yesterday (march 28, 2020) from here coronavirus
    • the mw file... well, I guess you know what it is.
       

    Bayesian_inference.pdf

    total-cases-covid-19_NF.xls

    total-deaths-covid-19_NF.xls

    Bayesian_Inference_ABC+MCMC_NF_2.mw


     

     

    In maple plot, very many symbols like, diamond, star, solidcircle are available. Many of them may have been used also for teaching purposes.

    Recently, someone encountered the need to draw graphs with arrowheads and many solutions may be available as well. But it requires a thorough understanding of maple's features which are infinitely many. My feeling was that an arrow symbol also could be added in the symbol feature so that the option can be used as a plot point in the graph at the graph end points very easily. It can be just like adding a solidbox symbol at any point on the curve.

    Hope my suggestions are in order.

    Thanks.

    Ramakrishnan V

    The following puzzle prompted me to write this post: "A figure is drawn on checkered paper that needs to be cut into 2 equal parts (the cuts must pass along the sides of the squares.)" (parts are called equal if, after cutting, they can be superimposed on one another, that is, if one of them can be moved, rotated and (if need to) flip so that they completely coincide) (see the first picture below). 
    I could not solve it manually and wrote a procedure called  CutTwoParts  that does this automatically (of course, this procedure applies to other similar puzzles). This procedure uses my procedure  AreIsometric  published earlier  https://www.mapleprimes.com/posts/200157-Testing-Of-Two-Plane-Sets-For-Isometry  (for convenience, I have included its text here). In the procedure  CutTwoParts  the figure is specified by the coordinates of the centers of the squares of which it consists).

    I advise everyone to first try to solve this puzzle manually in order to feel its non-triviality, and only then load the worksheet with the procedure for automatic solution.


    For some reason, the worksheet did not load and I was only able to insert the link.

    Cuttings.mw



     

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